The development of the middle-class philosophy of life. Representatives of middle-class philosophy. Brief description of their names. God-shouting - the main task of middle-class philosophers
1. Theological philosophy V-XV Art. n. e.
2. Philosophy of Augustine the Blessed.
3. Arabic philosophy of the middle.
4. Nominalism and realism.
5. Philosophy of Homi Akvinsky.
1. The middle theological (religious) philosophy is the name given to the system of navchan, expanded in Europe in the 5th - 15th centuries, as it recognized God as the great cob, and the whole world - to the creations of God. Religious philosophy began to emerge in the Roman Empire in the I-V centuries. not. on the basis of the ideas of early Christianity, and the highest rozkvit reached in V-VIII Art. A significant contribution to the middle-class philosophy was made by: Tertullian of Carthage (160-220), Augustine the Blessed (354-430), Fighter (480-524), Albert the Great (1193-1280), Thomas Aquinas (1225-1273) -1109), P 'er Abelard (1079-1142), William of Occam (1285-1349) and in.
Middle philosophy is theocentric, that is. God is the main cause of everything that exists, the greatest substance and the main subject of philosophical investigations. Philosophies were full of dogmas (truths, as if they did not require proof) about the creation of everything by God and the revelation of God about Himself (in the Bible). Ideas about the resurrection of people from the dead (like souls, so bodies) hung around the future with charitable behavior, so about the salvation of people by the path of God instilling into the body of a person - Jesus Christ that took upon Himself the sin of all people. Light entered into the knowledge through the knowledge of God, as if it were possible only through faith in God.
The middle religious philosophy was closed in on oneself, traditionalism, faith in the past, divergence from the real world, warfare, dogmatism, povchalnistyu. There were a number of reasons for this: the ruination, the loss of ancient culture, and the inseparable panuvannya in the spiritual life of the supremacy of religion. In their minds, philosophy has become a servant of theology, solving the problems of boules of recognition, serving the grounding of the butt of God and apologetics of the divine truths of the Holy Letter.
In the era of formation and development of feudalism in Europe, Christianity became the main ideology. This period in the history of humankind occupies perhaps a thousand thousand years, if philosophers have carried out deep research and determined new methods in the knowledge of the world, God, and oneself.
2. The philosophy of Aurelius Augustine (the Blessed) is reflected in several exercises: “About the Blessed One’s Life”, “About the True Religion”, “Speech”, “About God’s Place”, “Monologues”, “About the Life of the Soul”, “About the Reader” , “About the immortality of the soul”, etc. An eminent philosopher, politician, preacher of the Catholic Church, he presented the history of the development of human society as a struggle between two fortune-telling kingdoms: earthly (secular) and heavenly (divine). In yoga robots, the Catholic Church is assigned to the kingdom of God. The Church is the only power, as it can help people overcome sin and unite the world. Kings and emperors, according to Augustine, are guilty of expressing the will of the Christian Church and subdue it.
Yogo philosophy propagated humility with bіdnistyu, injustice and nerіvnistyu, faith in the future future of life as a city of God for a righteous life on earth. Vіn stverdzhuvav, that a person, having known the truth, became happy, christened the godlikeness of a person, її the strength of that thoroughness. Stverzhuvav, that the right knowledge of a person cannot be reached without knowing God. God slayed the hand at the material world at the germ of the form of all speeches, and in the course of time the stench develops itself. Divine presence in everything, the creations of God - matter, expanse, hour, people that її soul, practically all of us navkolishniy svit.
The truth about God is impossible to know the mind, but only faith, tobto. vіdokremlyuvav vіd vіri. Podkreslyuyuchi role pochuttіv, Augustine affirmed the unity of faith that knowledge, not podnіmayuchi reason.
3. Philosophy, created by the Arabs of those other peoples of the Near and Middle Descent in the Middle Ages, went through two main stages in its development: the first (VII-IX centuries) - the period of formation of Arabic philosophy; another (IX - XV centuries) - The period of transformation її into Arab-Greek. Especially in the X - XI centuries. in the Arab countries, there is a significant contribution to the spiritual life, especially to the arts, science, and philosophy. Strongly pouring the ideas of Aristotle into Arabic philosophy, to bring them to the point that the most visible philosophers - encyclopedists develop the cult of reason and knowledge, roam over the problems of God, the soul, immortality, the possibilities of people to know the real world. Among them are prominent thinkers: Al-Kindi (800-879), Al-Farabi (870-950), Ibn-Sina (Avicenna) (980-1037), Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (1126-1198) and others.
Al-Kindi was the first of the sires to immediately introduce the old Greek philosophy for the Arab peoples. Having taken the philosophy of Aristotle as a basis, they gave it a wide scope, expanding the ideas of materialism, identifying five categories of buttya: matter, form, movement, expanse and hour. In epistemology, this philosopher boldly affirmed that the human mind of the building reveals the truth. For whom wine is guilty of going through three stages of scientific knowledge: logical - mathematical, natural - scientific, philosophical. Ale yoga vchennya was not conceived by the co-workers, he himself knew the persecution, he was underestimated by yoga practitioners. Ale same Al-Kindi, having created the foundations for a distant progressive development of Arabic philosophy.
Al-Farabi - prominent scholar - encyclopedist. Їm written over a hundred science practices from philosophy, history, natural sciences. A lot of respect for the wines has been added to the logic, as it allows you to improve the right knowledge of the air. Philosophy helps to understand the essence of the buttya. Having taken into account the theory of the knowledge of wines, the theory of the knowledge of the truth in unity is sensible to reason. The essence of speeches is known only by the mind, and the mind spirals on logic. Hocha Al-Farabi recognized the origin of God as the first cause of buttya, but yogo vchennya is a great work for solving the most complicated problems of buttya and recognition.
The most prominent philosopher of Middle Asia was Bukhari Ibn-Sina (Avicenna). He has created over three hundred scientific works. Heads of Philosophy: "The Book of Healing" and "The Book of Knowledge". A person with an encyclopedic mind, vin zaproponuvav to carry out the classification of sciences on the basis of their path according to the objects of study; basing their philosophical visnovki on the reach of the natural sciences; having realized that God is, but in the present world, a lot of things appear without the will of God; promoting philosophy in religion; it was reconsidered, that philosophy is an okrema science, called upon to embrace the progressive ideas of humanity.
The epistemology of Avicenna gave a lot of respect to the analysis of such problems, as the indirect knowledge, the truth of knowledge, the role of intuition in knowledge, the role of logic in scientific creativity. The philosophy of Avetsenni sown the development of the development of not only a similar, but also an amazing science and culture.
The Arab philosopher Ibn-Rushd (Averroes) saw the idea of creation in Europe, understanding that the world is eternal, none uncreatable and non-impoverishment. Wanting wine without recounting the presence of God, but arguing that the ruh of matter cannot lie in the presence of God, which ruh is the independent power of matter, laid in it. Vіn vvazhav, those that are true in philosophy, may be hibnym in religion, the philosophical truths are due to be looked at from the view of religious truths.
The materialistic, anti-religious philosophy of Averroes was widely recognized in Europe, worked in universities, opposed scholasticism.
Middle philosophy has made an important contribution to distant development theories of knowledge, having developed and supplemented various logical variants of the rational and empirical, mediated and unmediated, solitary, slanderous and special, which became the foundation for the formation of the foundations of natural and philosophical knowledge.
The main stages of the middle-class philosophy were patristics and scholasticism.
Patristika (from Lat. Pater - father) - the theological and philosophical direction, the greatest philosophers of which were the Fathers of the Church. The period of development of patristics - I - IV Art. Main dogmas Christian religion disaggregated: Basil the Great, Augustine the Blessed, Tertullian and others. The main problems of patristics: the essence of God; stavlennya vіri that roz, podkrovennya khristians i pagan wisdom, razuminnya istorії like ruh to sing meti; a look at the freedom of a person through the possibility of a fight for the death of one's soul; problems of good and evil in this world, to which God allows the manifestation of evil on earth. Likewise, philosophers dealt with the problems of God's butt, the foundation of Yogo's trinity of daily existence, the introduction of faith in the mind, the divine intelligence of human life, the possibility of a sweaty salvation of the soul.
Scholasticism is the main type of middle school religious philosophy, espe- cially that there is a difference between real action, seclusion, conservatism, dogmatism, external ordering of religious ideas, schematic, poshchalnist. Scholasticism (from Lat. Schola - school) developed in all schools and universities of Europe, it was a university discipline. Scholastics subdivided knowledge into two types: supranatural (God’s revelation, which are given in the Bible) and natural, like a human mind (like a wine that understands the ideas of God from the text of the Bible). Philosophers of the middle class were numerically superb, wrote thousands of volumes, in which they commented on the ideas of God. Particular respect was attached to them for the correctness and clarity to understand, to be honored. Prominent thinkers of this middle-class philosophy were Bonaventure (1221–274), Albert the Great (1193–1280), Peter Abelard (1079–1142), Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109). Philosophers hung low ideas:
Vchennya about the truth, believe that the truth is known;
Vchennya about free will and її reasons;
Vchennya about the validity of speeches and understand about them that іn.
4. In the 11th century, a discussion broke out among religious philosophies between different opinions about the dogma of the Christian religion about the trinity of God. Forgiveness from the Bible, God is one, ale lost in disguise: God is Father, God is Sin, God is the Holy Spirit. Nezabar discussion vyyshla for mezhі tsgogo pitanya and bumped into the dialectic of the one and the same bed.
The pribіchniki of realism (Lat. realis - speech) looked at it more intently, as if it were more ideal, what was before the speech, then. razroblyali іdealіstіchnu kontsіyu zv'yazku zagalnogo solitary. Zgіdno with їhnoy dumkoy, it's true not the speeches themselves, but their deep understanding - the universals. One of the representatives of realism, Anselm of Canterbury (1033 - 1109), stated: "If you think about God, then God is true." Thought that buttya is the same. Go out, on yoga thought, deep understanding - universal - it is real. Zvіdsi th term "realism". The sleep is just as real as the light we need is, and God is really really “sleep”.
They chimed in with nominalism (Lat. nomen - names), they respected the really clear concrete speeches themselves, and the general understanders (universals) took them as the names of speeches. Philosopher Roscelin, a representative of nominalism, was impressed that the world is less alone, more speechless, and the "infernal" is real, like a river, not a sound. "Universal" - tse deep understanding, tse sounds of the voice - face value. Learn the term "nominalism".
Numbers two directly refer to their conceptualism Pier Abelard (1079 - 1142). Vіn stverdzhuvav, scho svіlne nemaє really pose speeches. It is more profound in the speeches themselves and is seen by our witness, if we begin to recognize that vicious speech. To that "hard" is known only in the minds of people (the mind is the whole concept). That's why it's smarter in the mind (conceptually) more real.
5. Eminent philosopher, theologian, author of Tomism (one of the most pan-directed Catholic Churches) Foma Aquinas zoomed in on scholasticism. In 1878, the rotation of the church was voiced by the official ideology of Catholicism. In his robots: “Sum of Theology”, “Sum of Philosophy”, “Sum of Anti-Gentiles” sees how smart and smart it is.
Buttya - the foundation of the one, tobto. substance. Similarly, the order with the categories "possibility" and "dіysnіst", introduce the categories "matter" and "form". Matter is possibility, and form is reality. There is no material without form, and the form lies in the sight of God (the greater form). But God is the essence of spirituality, but for the corporeal light, the unity of the form of that matter is necessary. But matter itself is passive, activity is its own form.
Tsіkavі prove Fomi Aquinas the butt of God, with which the current Catholic Church is corrupted at once:
1. Everything that collapses, kimos collapses. Father, persodvigun is God.
2. Mustache, what can be caused. Father, the primary cause of everything is God.
3. Vipadkove to deposit as necessary. Father, the first need is God.
4. Everything that you know, may have different degrees of agility, then you may have the greatest agility - God.
5. Everything in the world is on point, or sens. Otzhe, є reasonable cob, which directs everything to the mark - God.
In such a rank, I was able to bring the reason of God through the reason accessible to our understanding; schematize scholasticism; to show perekonlivo, what is true is less than your knowledge, yakі zdobutі roza zgodі z vіroyu; divide philosophy into theology, even if philosophy is in a new loan for the future of theology.
The significance of the middle philosophies of the fact that it became a transitional period from antiquity to the era of renaissance; she clearly saw ontology and epistemology, and objectivity and subjective idealism became more visible. Vinikla idea of optimism, as formulated by the possibility of the resurrection of the people, the victory of good over evil.
Entry 3
1. Middle Ages in theses 5
2. Features of middle-class philosophy 6
3. Characteristics of the historical period 9
4. The main provisions of the middle-class philosophy 11
4.1. Theocentrism 11
4.2. Creationism 12
4.3. Providencialism 12
5. Stages of the formation of middle-class philosophy 13
5.1. Patristics (II-VI centuries AD) 13
5.2. Scholastica 14
6. Ideas of middle-class philosophy 16
7. Super girl between nominalists and realists 17
Visnovok 19
Literature 21
Entry
In the skin period of the history of mankind, it was based on its own peculiarities in the development of science, culture, suspіlnyh vіdnosin, styles of thought. All this imposed a vibe and a development of a philosophical thought, those that, like in the sphere of philosophy, hung on the first plane.
Serednyovіchchya occupies trivalium in the history of Europe during the collapse of the Roman Empire in the V century to the era of Renaissance (XIV-XV centuries).
The accusation of the middle philosophies is often related to the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 AD), but the date is not correct. I often have Greek philosophy, and I look at the cob of everything - nature. In middle-class philosophy, now, reality, which signifies everything that you know, is God. Тому перехід від одного мислення до іншого не міг статися миттєво: завоювання Риму не могло одразу змінити ні соціальних відносин (адже грецька філософія належить епосі античного рабовласництва, а середньовічна філософія відноситься до епохи феодалізму), ні внутрішнього уявлення людей, ні релігійних переконань, побудованих століттями . Molding a new type of suspension is three years old. In the I-IV centuries AD
Philosophy, as it took shape in this period, there are two main cores of its molding. The first of them is the ancient Greek philosophy, which is in front of the її Platonic and Aristotelian traditions. Another dzherelo - Holy writings, yak turned my philosophy into the mainstream of Christianity.
The idealistic orientation of the greater philosophical systems of the middle class was dictated by the main dogmas of Christianity, the middle the most significant small so, like a dogma about the special form of the god-creator, and a dogma about the creation of the world by God "out of nothing". In the minds of such a hard religious dictate, supported by sovereign power, philosophy was voiced as a "servant of religion", within the framework of which all philosophical nutrition was violating from the position of theocentrism, creationism, providencialism. one
The root of the philosophy of the Middle Ages opposes the religion of the one God (monotheism). Judaism, Christianity and Islam lie before such religions, and with them there is a development of both European and Middle Arab philosophy.
Structurally, my work is written in an offensive rank: on the back of the head, there is an introduction, in order to avenge the previous information on those works, the relevance given by those, given in Chapter 1, in which the philosophy of the middle class is briefly described in the theses, in Chapter 2 emphasis is placed on the special features of the middle class Chapter 3 On the characteristic periode, the main position of the fіlosofiye is generated in the fourth of Rodlі, P'yata, the derivative of the formation of the formation of the fіlosofi, in the shock, in the same way, Panaya Panyv, in the Ostanno Opisulye, Opisov. Visnovok to avenge pіdbags, scho to be brought over the robot and in the kіntsі roboti to avenge the list of victorious literature.
1. Middle Ages in abstracts
Right up to the XIV century, churchmen should have a right monopoly in the sphere of philosophy, and philosophy should be written from the look of the church
Philosophy is monotheistic, God is understood as one and unique. The middle thought is forever theocentric, everything that exists is God.
The idea of creationism: Jerely of all things - God, Vіn having created the world from nothing. The whole world is a free gift of God.
The principle of anthropocentrism. Among the Greeks, having developed the principle of cosmocentrism, a person was important as a part of the whole. In Christianity, a person is created in the image and likeness of God, is guilty of becoming like God and at once out of the king created by God. The Bible affirms that a person is capable of accepting the will of God as his own power. (The Greeks also had a thought about those that a person, inspiring a good metaphor, through intellect is likened to the highest level).
Seredinovna Filosofiya Filologa for her sottry, to the same nibestststvtov, vid Svit Serednovychy - Svit Duelostichny (the clergy was induced by the laity, the kingdom of the Svita Svit, Yakchi Zizhtiy Zvyati Zvyati This is the dualism of the clergy and the laity, the dualism of the Latin and the Teutonic ears, the dualism of the kingdom of God and the kingdom of the world, the dualism of the spirit of that flesh. I skin of them in the dualism of popes and emperors. (this is the problem: in Augustine in the "City of God") 2
2. Features of middle-class philosophy
At the sight of antiquity, the truth needed to be discovered, the middle-world light of thought was rebuffed by the spirit of the revelation of the truth, about the revelation of the Holy Letter. The idea of the bloodline was broken up by the church fathers, and it was fixed in the dogmas. So the truth understood itself and jumped to smash the people, to tear them down. On the abyss of Greek wisdom, as J. Ortega-i-Gasset said, this idea was new. It was important that a person is narodzhena in truth, she is guilty of touching її not for her own sake, but for her own sake, for she was God. It was important that God created the world not for the sake of the people, but for the sake of the Word, another Divine hypostasis, instilled like Christ on earth in the unity of the Divine and human nature. To that lower light, on the back of the head, I dreamed of awakening reality in the vision, apparently awakening in it the human mind, in a singing way participating in reality - due to the innateness of the person in the truth. Participle rozum - the purpose of the middle rozum; the functions of philosophy are used in order to reveal the correct paths for this communion: it is better to use the viraz "philosophy is a servant of theology". Rozum buv mystical orientations, shards of directing on the manifestation of the essence of the Word, which created the world, and mysticism is rationally organized due to the fact that the Logos is still logical and not a moment of ideas.
2. Theocentrism, providencialism, creationism, traditionalism were the foundations of the middle philosophies. Reliance on authorities, without which the directness to tradition is inconceivable, explains the idea of intolerance to heresies, which was blamed in the middle of orthodox theology. In the minds of the task of truth, the main philosophical methods were hermeneutic and didactic, closely connected with the logical-grammatical and linguistic-semantic analysis of the word. Oskіlki The word lay at the basis of creation, and it seemed to be wild for everything that was created, it zumilis the people of the problem of the foundation of the whole bed, which is also called the problem of universals (in Latin, universalia - zagalne). Three philosophic techniques are tried to solve the problem of universality: conceptualism (the basis of a sleeping posture and in the middle of a specific speech), realism (the basis of a sleeping posture and a speech posture), and nominalism (the basis of a sleeping posture and a speech posture). Then, if middle-class philosophy seemed to be the custodian of ancient traditions (with one of the main ideas - the foundation of eidosiv, forming speeches before speeches), realism was taken in by the only correct approach to the recognition of those who are so buttya; The advent of nominalism witnessed the collapse of the middle-class mindset, and conceptualism used to join the worldly realism with the worldly nominalism.
Try the solution of the problem of universals to discover the feasibility of revealing the procedure for the relevance of earthly and mountainous worlds. In the context of a theologically oriented culture, logic, which was at once and an instrument of philosophy and philosophy itself, was in special ways of looking at God, which allowed them to be between Him and a human subject - a subject of blue. In fact, such a logic invariably became a theology.
3. The middle word in staleness, in that, the stars and where it was straightened out, conceived the undercurrent of transformation: instillation (Divine word) and development (when the word was straightened out, people came to God). The word was the greatest reality itself through its foundation in two modes. The light of thinking about knowing what was said, what is true. The saying led to a reason, but with whom, be it created, being deprived of the Communion of the Creators, could not be passive: the river began to speak to itself, it did not know the other middle speech. Be-yaka rich through the act of creation by God - in the supreme subject, bula subjective and obviously special.
4. Ideas of subjectivity and specialness are rebuying from the most profound instilled Word, as there are not a few analogues in modern religions and philosophical minds. Incarnation (incarnation) is not the universe of God at the body. The appearance of the gods in human likeness, in the house of the Greeks, did not mean their becoming human. Settling in at the body, the gods for the most part took care of the superhuman day. In Christianity, the love of God includes a sacrifice, which is accepted by the Sin of the people, so that the inner secrets of the God-man's blues are transferred, the theological cloudings of which serve as a memorial service about the Trinity. The instillation of the Word, nabuttya by the spirit of its residual activity, means that the logos evolves into a spiritual character. The unity and originality of the act of peace was brought to the inclusion of the historical in the sphere of the European thought; tse nada special status of middle-class philosophy as a philosophy of history.
The idea of the instillation of the Word meant that the mind and the ear became the most important organs of perception, and the thought, as it were, was the mind's philosophizing.
5. The principle of creationism, which lies at the basis of the Christian setting to the world, admitting that it is essential and necessary knowledge to belong only to God, then, logic, which was blamed in antiquity, is destined for the manifestation of true and pardon judgment, cease to be disputed. On the human level, the role of ignoble-necessary knowledge begins to be conquered by ethics, which is used in searches of regulators for the realization of the idea of salvation. The stench hangs on ideas of self-confidence, vchinku, soviet. as a moral staging to the vchinku, the intentions of acknowledging the vchinku, special responsibility. The way to the reach of the line, lying through the nourishment of the wet soul, to directly put the person before God, so that self-knowledge will be understood as God-knowledge, and yet it will be done in a songful rite: With such self-knowledge, thoughts are put forward, and present ideas and believe. To this, it is no less a procedure for communion with God, but also for philosophizing, the butt of which is “Spovid” by Aurelius Augustine (354-430), which is most obviously special, energizing, like putting philosophy without any transcendence of faith.
6. By virtue of the act of creation of a person after the image and likeness of God, by virtue of the gifted human being of reasonable communion with God, a person is seen from the front as a specialness, which activity is based on free will. Nutrition about freedom of will is closely related to nutrition about Greater goodness, like God, evil, as if to gloom like a marriage of goodness, and baptism (Augustine, John Scotus Eriugena and other. The idea of renunciation, however, did not become an orthodox idea) ). The sense of freedom of will appeared not out of order of necessity, but out of the choice of people (Fighter, Abelard, Bernard of Clairvosky, Albert von Bolshtedt, Homa Aquinsky and others). The Creator of the world took a pledge to test the spirit of the light with the sight of love and hatred, which was closely related to the possibility of knowledge: more love to God, then more precisely knowledge.
7. God's door of truth in the Holy Letter conveyed the necessity of the second commentary, which is a moving wisdom of the meaning of Divine revelation and human understanding. In a moveable dialectic, having formed a dispute, it was possible to form such a dialectic, which was understood at once - ambiguously - straightened out on the sacral and mundane, cultivating a special way of knowing. The human gaze, directing at God, is perfected by Yogo Bachenny. Divine, directing to people, visvichu death, kintsivka. Philosophy develops at the moment of reading an authoritative text, or at the moment of its commentary, so that it’s always in the present, girlishly sticking around timchasovogo. It’s not a lack of perfection in the mind, but a mittve of a response to a thought, that thought is immediately continued and supine, which one knows and reveals outwardly unknowing. bula middle middle philosophies.
3. Characteristics of the historical period
Social heterogeneity, appearance of lumpenivs
Economic chaos in the wake of barbarian raids
The empire demanded religion, the building of a different social version (must be equal before God). For a short period of mid thinking people panuvav nastrіy libogogo rozpach shkodo svіt svіtu, and the only thing that reconciled with him, then tsenadiya for the best light of the future. Tse vіdchutya raspachu bіdbitkom those that were seen everywhere in Europe.
Icenturion: the hour of praise and tyrannical emperors. Under Nero, for the inspiration of the emperor, it was ruled to burn Rome, the persecution of Christians was launched, the massacres were beaten, the first Christian martyrs appeared, which called the rich hulks to sleep. 250 years before the reign of Emperor Kostyantin were chased in a wild manner. Christians were retried not for preaching social zeal, not for rebellious power, but for the ideological principle: the Christians put the church more than a state and were led to worship the emperor as a deity. Until the end of the 1st century, the church was founded by a Suvoro organization, the presbyters and bishops of the Daedal were more likely to be baptized by the great believers.
IIcenturion: an hour of peace - the emperor Troyan and Mark Aurelius. The Church is significantly growing, the main dogmas are being formed.
III century: the reign of Diocletian begins the period of the late Roman Empire. For Kostyantyn, the capital was transferred to Constantinople, Christianity was transformed into a sovereign religion (the persecution of pagans was started step by step, under Theodosius the Olympic Games were enacted).
The process of the rise of Christianity to Kostyantyn, as well as the motives of Kostyantyn's march, were explained differently by different authors. Gibon gives five reasons:
"I. It is not poignant, as if we were allowed to talk like that, the diligence of Christians, so as not to endure profanity, the truth is posited from the Jewish religion, but it is cleansed in the spirit of isolation and insipidity, which is the substitute for that,
2. A vchennya about the future of life, thoroughly different to the family with additional blessings, building data on important truths and deeds.
3. Building to work wonders, as a primitive church was attributed to.
4. That Suvora morality of Christians is pure.
5. The unity and discipline of the Christian Republic, which step by step established an independent and continuously expanding state in the very center of the Roman Empire.
I that period was characterized by a crisis of slavery and virobnitstvo. The great landlords begin to lease the land the cob of feudalism, the place falls, the pennies grow, the village rises. Blaming a new type of power, close to a despotism: the emperor leans on the army, the bureaucracy and the church (!). The church becomes more archaic, and the change in the character of the church to the point of growing evil, the need to turn to the pure apostolic church, blame the heresies and the split. Two nutritionists, one after another, praised the Christian world: first of all - about the nature of the Trinity, and then - the doctrine of inwardness. 325 - Cathedral of Nicaea - the symbol of faith is vibrated.
IVcenturion: the residual triumph of Christianity, the baptism of the obov'yazkovim for the population of the empire. After the death of Theodosius, the Roman Empire roams to the abyss and vanishes, the shards of Theodosius having commanded the two sins of Gnoria and Arcadia, as if they begin to curse. On September 24, 410, the Visigoths invaded Rome on the basis of Allarikh, inflicted by Arkady from Byzantium. At that time, the Visigoths became Christians and established a former barbarian kingdom in Spain. The empire is falling in the fall, just as the empire is changing and expanding its cordoni. However, in the 7th century and її turbuvati arabi begin. Until the 10th century, there is a rise of vents from Russia, the cross of Russia, but at the 14th century, Byzantium, under the grip of the Turks, the Ottoman Empire is established. In the last part of the crisis in the 10th century, it was changed by the right rose with the emergence of the empire of Charlemagne (Kingdom of the Franks). 3
4. The main provisions of the middle-class philosophy
Theocentrism - (Greek theos - God), such is the understanding of the world, in which God acts as the cause of everything that exists. Wine center of light, active and yoga cob. The principle of theocentrism is expanding and knowing, de for a gathering of knowledge in the system of knowledge theology is being avenged; lower for her - philosophy, which is in the service of theology; even lower - different private and applied sciences.
Creationism - (Latin Creatio - creation, creation), the principle, apparently to the extent that God created living and inanimate nature from nothing, perishable, past, that perebuvaє in a permanent change.
providencialism - (lat. providentia - providentia), a system of looking, visibly to the extent of all the luminous podia, including the history and behavior of okrem people, cherishing divine providence (providinnya - at religious manifestations: God, the greater truth or її dії)
4.1. Theocentrism
Middle philosophy was inextricably linked with Christianity, so philosophical and Christian ideas are closely intertwined in it. The main idea of the middle-class philosophy is theocentrism.
Theocentrism - (Greek theos - God), such is the understanding of the world, in which God acts as the root and cause of all that exists. Wine center of light, active and yoga cob. The principle of theocentrism is expanding and knowing, de for a gathering of knowledge in the system of knowledge theology is being avenged; lower for her - philosophy, which is in the service of theology; even lower - different private and applied sciences.
Christianity develops in Judaism the idea of the one God, the voodoo of absolute kindness, absolute knowledge and absolute power. The essence of that object is yogo wicker, everything is created by a free act of divine will. The two central dogmas of Christianity speak of the trinity of God and God. Vіdpovіdno to the first, internal life of the deity is the introduction of three "ipostases", or osіb: the Father (the meaningless pershoosnov), Sin, or the Logos (the meaning and shaping principle), and the Holy Spirit (the life-creating principle). Sin "become people" in the form of the Father, the Holy Spirit "go out" in the form of the Father. With all the "narodzhennya" and "convergence" the world is not in the hour, so that all the individuals of the Christian Trinity founded the zavzhda - "peredvichni" - and rivnі gіdno - "river".
4.2. Creationism
Zgіdno with Christian dogma, God created the world from nothing, having created in a burst of his will, the awakening of his omnipotence, like a skin mitі zberigaє, pіdtremuє buttya svіtu. Such a thought is characteristic of middle-class philosophy and is called creationism. (Creatio - creation, creation).
The dogma about creation is to transfer the center of gravity from the natural to the supranatural cob. In view of the ancient gods, as if they were disputed with nature, the Christian God stands above nature, for that bek її and that є transcendental God. An active creative cob nibi sprouts from nature, from space and is transmitted to God; in the middle-class philosophy, the cosmos is nothing more than self-sufficient and eternal buttya, it is not alive and spiritualized, as many people from Greek philosophers have respected it.
In ancient philosophy, there were already viable songs approaching the virish problem of fitting dualism to light and yogo dailyness. The Pythagoreans, Plato and yoga followers laid down the main methodological principles of the spiritual unity of the world. Ale, neither the classics of ancient philosophy, nor the Neoplatonists created the concept of God - singularity. The stench interpreted the One, as if it were the first thing, which crushed all buttya, as an absolutely abstract, non-special individuality. The special understanding of God was first given by Philo of Alexandria.
Characteristics of God, as a special feature, was suttevim croc ahead of the direct Christian light-gazer, but it did not give a complete fit to the light of God. For the support of the qiєї, it was necessary to carry out the mediating forces. For whom Philology is one of the central ones to understand the ancient philosophy - the understanding of the Logos.
But on the vіdmіnu vіd ancient philosophії, the Logos in Philo stands as the spirit of the creations of God, like a handful of divine mind. In Philo's appearance about the Logos, it was more than rejection of yoga with the Messiah - Christ.
4.3. providencialism
Providencialism - (Latin providentia - providence), a system of looking, visibly to the full extent of light, including the history and behavior of okrem people, cheruy divine providence (providinnya - in religious manifestations: God, greatness).
5. Stages of the formation of middle-class philosophy
In middle-class philosophy one can see, at least, two stages of its development. patristicsі scholasticism, a clear cordon between yakim to carry out an important task.
Patristics - the collection of theological and philosophical glances of the "fathers of the church", as if they took up the outreach of Christianity, relying on ancient philosophy and on the front of the ideas of Plato.
Scholasticism - є type of philosophizing, with the help of the human mind, it is possible to obstruct the acceptance of the idea of that formula.
5.1. Patristics (II-VI centuries AD)
The patristics took its name from the Latin word "patris", which means "fathers of the church". In the same period of the Christian Fathers of the Church, they laid the foundations of Christian, and also of the middle-class philosophy. Patristics can be mentally subdivided into sprats of periods:
The apostolic period (until the middle of the 2nd century) is the hour of the activity of the apostles-evangelists.
Apologetics (mid-II century - beginning of IV) - Apologists were called consecrated Christians, as they became defenders of Christianity in pagan philosophy. Для захисту християнства апологети вдавалися до допомоги античної та грецької філософії, використовуючи алегорію та логічні докази, намагаючись показати що вірування язичників безглузді, їхня філософія не має єдності та сповнена протиріч, що християнська теологія це єдина філософія, яка несе людям єдину для всіх істину. The most prominent practices that have been preserved to this day were apologies for Justin, Tatian, Tertullian.
Zrіla patristics (IV-VI) - They see the skhіdna (Greek) and the zahіdnu (Latin) patristics. Zavdyaki greek movі skhіdna patristics pov'azana with ancient philosophy strong for zahidna. The most famous clergy patristics: Gregory the Theologian, Opanas Oleksandriysky, John Chrysostom and others; zahіdnoї: Avreliy Augustin, Ambrose of Mediolansky, Ієronim. The main problems of patristics: the formation of symbols in the world, the problem of three hypostases, Christology, creationism and others.
5.2. Scholasticism
Scholasticism (vіd Greek"sholi" - calmly busy, navchannya) - middle-aged education. Vaughn is closely connected with the composition of the VIII-IX Art. lighting system in the lands. Vodnocha tse i new stage at the development of the spiritual culture of Europe, who came to change the patristic. Vіn basing on the patristic literature, being at the same time its own specific cultural illumination.
It is accepted that the periodization of scholasticism will come. The first stage - from VI to IX Art. - Front. Another stage - from IX to XII Art. - Period of intensive molding. The third stage - XIII Art. - "the gold of the century of scholasticism." The fourth stage - XIV-XV Art. - The end of scholasticism.
Scholastic veneration, in practice, was a series of steps, raising students to the highest. At the monastic and church schools they taught “these free mysteries”. The rest were divided into “trivium” (from the number “three”) and “kvadrivium” (from the number “chotiri”). Learn to master the trivium, tobto. grammar (Latin), dialectics, rhetoric. Quadrivium, like a great step, including arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. Primary pledges, yakі secured a greater high level of training, were universities.
The middle philosophy has gone into the history of thought under the name of scholasticism, as if already from long ago it is getting used to the stale sense as a symbol of a torn view of reality, an empty word-speak. І for whom, without a word, є podstavi.
The headline of scholasticism lies in the fact that it sees itself as a science, placed at the service of theology, as a “servant of theology”.
Starting around the 11th century, the middle universities became more interested in the problems of logic, since in that era the name of dialectics was small and the subject was working on concepts. The logical creations of Boetius gave great infusion to the philosophers of the XI-XIV century, commenting on Aristotle’s “Categories” and creating a system of subtle differences and purpose to understand, with the help of such theologians tried to comprehend the “truths of faith”. The practice of rationalistic grounding of Christian dogma has led to the fact that dialectics has turned into one of the main philosophical disciplines, and the differentiation and finer differentiation to understand, the establishment of definitions and definitions, which took a lot of mind, and was inspired by bagatology. Caught up in such a rank of mindful dialectics, it knew its own expression in disputes characteristic of middle-level universities, which sometimes went on for 10-12 years with a short break for obid. Tsі slovarіvannyа i poddnannya scholasticї vchennosti gave rise to opposition. The scholastic dialectic was opposed by various mystical currents, and in the XV-XVI centuries the opposition took the form of a humanistic secular culture, on the one hand, and Neoplatonic natural philosophy, on the other.
6. Ideas of middle-class philosophy
It is not less important to mention the following ideas of middle-class philosophy:
Idea of commandments: Commandments - an agreement between God and a person, the first resemblance of evil, as if a person could be blamed. People, as if you broke these commandments, it will not be the ruler of the state, but God himself, who will judge. Less faith, and not fear of punishment, do not let people destroy them.
Idea of original sin: Adam and Eve destroyed the fence of God and squashed the fence of God. For tse stinks, they were driven out to eat, but they became free and independent. Having created the first evil man, he has achieved his right to self-determination.
The idea of the resurrection of the soul: At the place of faith in the transmigration of souls, faith comes from the resurrection soul - now it has died, the righteous person will lean again not on the earth of death, but in the best world - the Kingdom of God. Life is seen as less like a short-time rest on earth, equal to eternal life in paradise, and death is less visible from it.
The idea of the holiness of the body: Holy is not only a soul, but a body. Christ is made up of flesh and blood, like a man.
Idea of global equivalence: Mustache people are equal, God made shards equal, and in paradise people are equal. For God, that religion does not mean a peasant or a king - he is only a Christian.
Hermeneutics: Explanation and interpretation of biblical texts.
7. Super girl between nominalists and realists
In middle-class philosophy, there was a super-girl between spirit and matter, which caused a super-girl between realists and nominalists. Superechka ishla about the nature of universals, so to understand about the nature of the wild, what is the wild understood by the second, that it is a product of the fiality of the mind, but the stench is the first, really, it is self-sustaining.
Transition to the feudal stately arrangement of commemorations by the fall of independent significance of philosophy. Vіn suprovodzhuvsya vytіsnennyam bahatofozhzhya єdinogozhzhyam. Christianity has become the panivnoy form of religion in Europe, for which the world was created one god. The urochistity of Christianity was explained by the fact that most of the time it contributed to the social, political and cultural needs of the feudal supremacy. In the struggle with the excesses of paganism (the richness of the gods), Christianity demanded a philosophical method of mirkuvannya and proof, to which it often took over the elements of ancient culture, science and philosophy, which, however, corrected and denounced the Christian religion. Philosophy mayzhe on the whole thousand people turned into a servant of theology. The theologians placed in the center of the new picture of the world of God and man as his creation. Although the ancient skygazer is characterized by cosmocentrism, then the middle-class one is theocentrism.
For middle-class philosophy, a characteristic new rise to the understanding of the nature of that people. It is from the Christian dogma that God created the world out of nothing, having created it by an act of his will, the forces of his omnipotence. Divine omnipotence continues to save, to support buttya light. Such a thought is called creationism (from the Latin words сreаtio, which means "creation").
The dogma about creation is to transfer the center of gravity from the natural to the supranatural cob. At the sight of the ancient gods, as if they were somehow disputed with nature, the Christian god stands above nature, for that bek її. More actively creative is the cob of chiba that sprouts from nature, from space and from z i is transmitted to God. In the middle-class philosophy, the cosmos has no self-sufficient and eternal buttya, which was respected by some of the Greek philosophers.
The middle philosophy has entered the history of humankind under the name of scholasticism, as a symbol of a torn view of reality, an empty vocabulary. The main idea of scholasticism lies in the fact that it sees itself as a science, vanquished in nature, in the light of the world, and placed at the service of theology.
Middle-class scholasticism among European philosophers dabbled in clouded and formally grounded religious dogmas. In the 13th century, the theologian (theologian) Khoma Akvinsky (1225-1274) systematized the Catholic faith. Acting like a theorist of the spiritual dictatorship of the papacy, Thomas Aquinas in his system likened the power of the pope on Earth to the power of God in heaven. The Catholic religion and the theological education of F. Akvinsky served as the main ideological line of spiritual and secular feudal lords. four
Among the middle-class philosophers, there were serious differences in singing meals. In these differences, the struggle between materialistic and idealistic tendencies was manifested in its own way. The superechka among the scholastics spoke about those who are the most common understanding ("universal"). So the titles of realities were solidified, that deep understanding is real, to speeches, that they are understood objectively, independently from the knowledge of the mind of God. Nominalities spoke out against the realists, yakі vchili, scho zagalnі understand - tse only the names of speeches, and that stench, in such a rank, use "after speeches" and do not think of an independent basis. In their glances, a materialistic tendency appeared in the philosophy of the middle class.
It would be hibly to think that the middle-class philosophies are panowed by the latest stagnation. After a few hundred years, with the help of some economic and social disruption, viklikana bulk of German tribes and the ruins of the Roman Empire, rightly changed the development of culture, economical and creative connections, the fusion of peoples, in the ХІ-ХІІІ. the steps of the introduction of the economy, the culture and philosophical thoughts on the European language are being transferred to the works of ancient Greek authors, the mathematics is developing, they are creating, in which the thought about the necessity of the child, not only the natural essence of God, is hung. At the borders of the middle philosophies, the first ones begin to break through, although the weak ones of the new approach to the light.
Also, for middle-class philosophy, it is characteristic of those that are clearly small in expression of a religious, theocentric nature, and at the same time those that are panuvala scholasticism. 5
Visnovok
Middle philosophy has made an important contribution to the development of epistemology, to the formation of the foundations of natural and philosophical knowledge. XIII century - rice of the 13th century is characteristic - more, but more unsatisfactory growth in the bosom of feudalism, the yogo expansion, the formation of the germs of a new, capitalist order 6.
The development of a commodity-penny state in the krains of Western Europe called for a significant economic gain. The change in the virobnicheskih vіdnosinah inevitably called out the songs of transformation in the ideological superstition. In the wake of this example of the XII century. that first half of the XIII century. feudal places begin to pragnate until the creation of a damp intellectual and cultural atmosphere. Miska bourgeoisie pragne development of mischievous schools, university graduates.
Philosophical viraz the awakening of this life and the expansion of scientific knowledge of the adoption of Aristotelianism. The philosophy of Aristotle offered suggestions that were not so practical recommendations, which could be used in economic and suspense-political life. Tsya philosophy became a message for those who knew that hour, embarrassed to know, that Augustinism had already ceased to support the formation of an intellectual situation. Aje Augustinism, which relied on Platonic traditions, used directives against natural achievements. Augustine stubbornly, that the knowledge of the material light does not bring the earthly crust, because it does not only increase human happiness, but the hour, which is necessary for looking at important and important objects, dies. Motto of Augustine's philosophy: "I want to understand God and soul. Nothing else? Absolutely nothing!" 7.
Serednyovіchna superechka about the nature of universals has significantly injected a further development of logic and epistemology, especially the introduction of such great philosophers of the new hour, like Hobbes and Locke. The elements of nominalism are also emphasized by Spinoza, and the technique of nominalistic criticism of the ontology of universals was developed by Werklyt Hume to form the doctrine of subjective idealism. The thesis of realism about the presence of the outer worlds to understand from human svіdomostі lіg year as the basis of idealistic rationalism (Leibnitz, Descartes), and the proposition about the ontological independence of universals passed into the German classical idealism.
Отже, середньовічна філософія внесла істотний внесок у подальший розвиток гносеології, розробивши та уточнивши всі логічно можливі варіанти співвідношення раціонального, емпіричного та апріорного, співвідношення, яке стане згодом уже не тільки предметом схоластичних суперечок, але й фундаментом для формування основ природничо-філософського знання.
Literature
History of philosophy in short term/ Per. from Czech. I. I. Boguta - M.: Dumka, 1991. - 590 p.
Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary / Ed.: S. S. Averintsev, E. A. Arab-Ogli, L.F. Іllіchіv i н. - 2nd view. - M.: Glad. Encyclopedia, 1989. - 815 p.
Kimelyev Yu.A. Philosophy of Religion: Systematic Drawing. - M.: vidavnichy booth"Note Bene", 1998. - 424 p.
Chanishev O.M. A course of lectures on old and middle-class philosophy. -M.: your school, 1991. - 603 p.
Borgos Joseph. Khoma Akvinsky - M.: Dumka, 1975. - 504 p.
Khoma Akvinsky. The sum of theology (essays) // Anthology of Light Philosophy. In 4 volumes / ed. V.V. Sokolov et al. Moscow: Dumka, 1969. - 1972.
Etienne Zhilson "Philosopher and Theology" - M .: Gnosis, 1995 (translated from French Etienne Gilson "Le philosophe et la théologie- Paris, 1960)
Fundamentals of Religious Studies Navch./Yu. F. Borunkov, I. N. Yablokov, M. P. Novikov, et al.; For red. I. N. Yablokova. - M.: Vishch. school, 1994. - 368 p.
1 Kimelyev Yu.A. Philosophy of Religion: Systematic Drawing. - M.: Vidavnichy Dim "Note Bene", 1998. - 424 p.
1.Piznioantichna philosophy yak dzherelo average philosophy………2 Theocentrism is the basic principle philosophy middle. 2. Main stages of development average philosophy: a) apologenetics...
Serednyovichna philosophy (11)
PhilosophyAkvinsky. Basic rice average philosophy. Middle theological philosophy is called the Philosophical Conduct ... as the main in average philosophy that theology. Basic tenets average philosophy and theology boulli...
Serednyovichna philosophy (5)
PhilosophyRegulations philosophy middle…………….4 side. Reflection of the Christian faith and the ancient philosophy on ideology philosophy
First half of the XIX century. went down to history as the "gold of the century" of Russian culture. Cultural progress was due to the unbelievable growth of the national self-confidence of the Russian people under the influence Vytchiznyanoi war 1812 r. and developing often in opposition to conservative politics.
Yak was conceived more, after the reforms of P.D. Kiselova formed a closed system of education and education: parish schools - for the sovereign villagers, military schools - for merchant children and other local residents, cadet schools - for the training of officers, gymnasium - for children of the nobility and officials. For the nobles, the same cadet corps and other special initial mortgage. The right to join the university gave only the completion of the gymnasium and the nobility's primary mortgages. New special educational foundations were launched: Medical and Surgical Academy, Higher School of Law, Technological, Mezhovy, Budіvelny іnstituti, Lazarevsky Institute of Scientific Languages.
Science continued to develop, and, moreover, there is a її differentiation, tobto. seeing independent scientific disciplines. In 1826 p. prominent Russian mathematician N.I. Lobachevsky, having created "non-Euclidean geometry", was recognized in science only after a decade. Bulo was inspired by the Pulkovsk astronomical observatory near St. Petersburg. The most important achievements of Russian scientists in electrical engineering, mechanics, medicine (B.S. Yakobi, P.L. Schilling, N.I. Pirogov and others). Light significance of small geographic evidence: the expedition of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky (1803-1806), explorer of Antarctica M.P. Lazarevim and F.F. Bellingshausen (1819) and in.
The great interest in Russian history was called out by the creation of the Association of History and Longevity at Moscow University (1804). Until this period, the work of historians N.M. Karamzina, T.M. Granovsky, and from the beginning of the 40s. XIX Art. - RM. Soloviev.
The problems of Russian are widely discussed by the Association of Lovers of Russian Literature, which was engaged in the development of the rules and norms of Russian literary literature. pink movie, spivvіdnennia in new foreign words, neologisms and archaisms. The problem was especially acute, the Russian aristocracy spoke importantly in my french, but simply stood up for the old traditions of Church Slavonic language. Against N.M. Karamzin, having uttered “to write, as it seems, and speak, as to write”, writer O.S. Shishkov, presenting the opposite point of dawn at the Fellowship: vin proponuvatisya orienting on the book-slovak mov. in the name of preserving the national root. The formation of modern Russian is accepted to be connected with the work of A.S. Pushkin. A great role was also played by “Practical Russian Grammar” by N.I. Greek is the first "Glossary of the Russian Academy".
On the cob of the XIX century. sentimentalism in Russian literature under the influence of the war of 1812 changed by romanticism (V.A. Zhukovsky, K.F. Rileev, A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky). The founders of realism, which was approved by European literature, were Russian A.S. Pushkin, A.S. Griboyedov. The method of depicting action, stagnation in the novel "Eugene Onegin" and the p'єсі "Likho z rozumu", becoming more important in Russian literature. Writers-realists accepted to respect their young contemporary M.Yu. Lermontova, N.V. Gogol, I.A. Goncharova.
Vinyatkov’s significance in the development of Russian literature was small “tovst” literary magazines - “Suchasnik”, founded by A.S. Pushkinim, .i "Vitchiznian Notes". Expansion of private book viewing in 30-40s. XIX Art. pov'yazano nasampered іz іm'yam A.F. Smirdina, who fell asleep in the series "Library for Reading". Vіn having reduced the number of books and having made them widely accessible to purchasers with modest means.
The yak was appointed, in 1814. The first library for the general public appeared - the Imperial Public Library, the basis of which was laid by the Polish book collection. The entrance to it was clear without a cost of trich for the day we are eager, we will surround the “obscenely dressed”. In 1831 p. The Rum'yantsev Museum was founded near St. Petersburg, named after the first collection of Count N.P. Rumyantsev. At 1861 p. This collection was transported to Moscow and became the basis of the Russian state library. At 1852 p. the court Hermitage was also fired for respite.
The Russian theater is developing: a row of Russian aristocrats (Sheremetiev, Yusupov), sovereign theaters were founded - Alexandria and Mary near St. Petersburg, Great and Maliy near Moscow. A Russian, national music school is beginning to take shape, and the role played by M.I. Glinka, author of the first national opera "A Life for the Tsar" ("Ivan Susanin"). Composer O.S. Dargomizhsky, the author of the opera "Mermaid", with the maximum expression of the psychological portrait of his heroes by musical means. Yogo credo in the art of "I want the truth" served as the basis for the vile quests of Russian composers, as they planted a lot of space in the world of musical culture.
Of particular note is the ballet art of Russia. From that moment, as from the first ballet capital of the world - Paris - ballet came to the Russian stage, the most important ballet life began to be seen in St. Petersburg, and then in Moscow. The ballet dance of the Russian emperors today solidified the aestheticization of the ideal of autocracy. The aesthetics of the parade, and the aesthetics of the ballet are the main foundation - the strong way of Russian life. The ballet did not stand against life, but as if becoming a part, raising the everyday overrun of the stage.
For the tsar's nickname, the ballet was rightly prestigious: a good ballet troupe also promoted the prestige of the monarch, like a luxurious palace. And if the palaces of the European monarchs did not renounce (as if they renounced) the palaces of the Russian tsars, then take down such a ballet corpse, like in Russia, and two more such corpses - at St. The Russian ballet was avenged by the Ministry of the Imperial Court. The Mariinsky Theatre, named so in honor of Empress Mary Feodorivna, like other imperial theaters in both capitals, laying down for the royal family, as if it was worth 2 million rubles for the morning.
The famous French choreographer, teacher and playwright Charles Didelot became the creator of Russian classical ballet; Russian ballerinas O.I. Istomina, A.S. Novytska and in. In 1801 p. Sh. Didlo buv requests for the Russian stage. Having begun a new era in the Russian ballet epic, great achievements have begun. For 28 years, Didlo enchanted the imperial school, requested foreign ballerinas and dancers to the Maryinsky theater, having known St. Petersburg with the art of European celebrities - zokrema, the great Italian ballerina M. Talion shone on the St. Petersburg stage.
The Academy of Mysticism became at that time a conservative institution, the creativity of the "academicians" outweighed the images of biblical and religious plots. O.A. Kiprensky, V.A. Tropinin, K.P. Bryullov. The creators of the by-button genre in Russian painting were A.G. Venetsianiv, and P.A. Fedotov.
The Russian sculptor is actively developing: the first civilized monument in Moscow - Before. Minin and D. Pozharsky on Chervoniy Square, having created I.P. Martos (1818), in honor of Oleksandr I, in honor of the riddle about the victory over Napoleon, the famous "Olexandriyskaya" column on the Palace Square of St. Petersburg (sculptor A.A. Mont-ferrand), P.K. Klodt to lay a large sculptural group on the Anichkov bridge near St. Petersburg.
In Russian architecture, the traditions of modern classicism are panned - the Empire style, which is manifested in the creation of the great architectural ensembles of St. Petersburg: the Admiralty (A.D. Zakharov), the arrows of Vasilevsky Island with the Birzha and rostral columns (T. de Thomon), the Kazan Cathedral. N. Voronikhin). St. Isaac's Cathedral (A.A. Montferrand) became the most important building in Russia at that time.
Afterwards, 1812 Moscow was reborn: ensembles of Theater Square (O.I. Bove), Manezhnaya Square are created here. At 30 rocky. XIX Art. classicism is replaced by the "Russian-Byzantine" style, the greatest master of such a buv K.A. Ton is the creator of the Great Kremlin Palace and the Zbroyovo Chamber, the author of the project for the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Life is conducted not only in the capitals, but also in other places - for example, the ensemble of Primorsky Boulevard in Odessa with Potomkinsky Skhody (A.I. Melnikov).
The main ideas of the middle-class philosophy
Middle philosophy was inextricably linked with Christianity, so philosophical and Christian ideas are closely intertwined in it. The main idea of the middle-class philosophy is theocentrism.
Theocentrism:
Vidpovidno to the principle of theocentrism in the Middle Ages the center of everything God. God buv dzherelom be some kind of butt, good, I see the meta of life bachiled in the service of God. In the Middle Ages, God and religion were the axis of the main object of philosophy, God and religion itself were the same servants. The principle of theocentrism with yoga vseosyazhnistyu zmushuvav in middle-class philosophers to look at and clarify in such a way as to understand, like a buttya, sutnist, іsnuvannya, dominion, yakіst.
Monotheism:
On the vіdmіnu vіd nіd іn ancient rich gods - politіїzmu, srednіvіchna philosofіchna іznaє only one God.
The idea of the goddess:
In the Middle Ages, people have only begun to recognize their specificity. The idea of guiltiness of a person in the whole world will show itself less in the era of Renaissance (anthropocentrism), but the birth of the Middle Ages, and the great role here plays the Gospel. Jesus Christ is God, the son of God, but at the same hour and people, richly closer to everyday, lower yogo father.
Creationism:
The idea of creation of the world by God from nothing. If God creates, then let the lesser world, let the people create. Prote іsnuvala and protilezhnaya thought about those that creativity is the prerogative of God alone, and from the side of people it was respected by blasphemy. Such manifestations stimulated the development of technology.
The idea of creationism is to bring God over nature. In view of the ancient gods, as if they were disputed with nature, the Christian God stands above nature, for that bek її and that є transcendental God. An active creative cob nibi sprouts from nature, from space and is transmitted to God; in the middle-class philosophy, the cosmos is nothing more than self-sufficient and eternal buttya, it is not alive and spiritualized, as many people from Greek philosophers have respected it.
From the idea of creationism, the monist principle is so called: there is only one absolute cob - God, and the reshta - yogic creation. The right buttya can only be God, to you are attributed those attributes, with which the ancient philosophers gave buttya. Vіn vіchny, immutable, self-identical, nothing else can lie and є zherelom vsogo existent. Aurelius Augustine (354-430) affirms that God is the best of life, the best of substance, the best of form, the best of good.
Providencialism:
Providencialism is the understanding of history as a result of the advance of God's plan of salvation for the people. History is taken as a “way to the Kingdom of God” - the share of the world is mindful, and ends with an apocalypse. Three different charges were called different dates of the forthcoming Last Judgment - they were minted in 1491, and in 1666, and in other years, however, like Bachimo, the numbers of charges turned out to be pardoned.
Idea of commandments:
Commandments - an agreement between God and a person, the first resemblance of evil, as if a person could be blamed. People, as if you broke these commandments, it will not be the ruler of the state, but God himself, who will judge. Less faith, and not fear of punishment, do not let people destroy them.
Idea of original sin:
Adam and Eve destroyed the fence of God and squashed the fence of God. For tse stinks, they were driven out to eat, but they became free and independent. Having created the first evil man, he has achieved his right to self-determination.
The idea of the resurrection of the soul:
At the place of faith in the transmigration of souls, faith comes from the resurrection soul - now it has died, the righteous person will lean again not on the earth of death, but in the best world - the Kingdom of God. Life is seen as less like a short-time rest on earth, equal to eternal life in paradise, and death is less visible from it.
The idea of the holiness of the body:
Holy is not only a soul, but a body. Christ is made up of flesh and blood, like a man.
Idea of global equivalence:
Mustache people are equal, God made shards equal, and in paradise people are equal. For God, that religion does not mean a peasant or a king - he is only a Christian.
Symbolism. Middle hermeneutics:
The middle man is a cross of a bachelor's symbol. The Greeks have a symbol (cymbolon) meaning a sign of a pod, two halves of an object divided between people. The symbol is a strain on the lost unity. In the Middle Ages, the symbol is a kind of call of a smart person who knows the value of that other object.
Ordinary people managed with magical images, having performed ceremonies in their souls, praying, embracing the apple as a symbol of evil, the white troyanda - a symbol of Divi, the prozorium beryl, which lets in the light, - the image of Christianity, the red sardoniks - the image that shed her blood for the people of Christ as a symbol . The whole world was set up like a majestic variety of symbols.
As soon as the learned people, then the stench started to vibrate the special tools for understanding the attached meanings of the symbols. Symbolism, obviously, not alien to antiquity, it is enough to guess, how the philosophers of the day started to look at ideas in their speeches, how the stoicists at their order of fate vowed yoga with an unobvious zmist. But only in the middle years of the successes of philosophy, symbolism becomes the principle of philosophy, the most important characteristic. In the year of rice, the philosophy of the significant world is spent, to go away. Symbolism is, in essence, an overarchingly important principle of philosophy. In religious forms, it was first designated by middle-class philosophers. We, then, were judged to become our first teachers of the right symbolism.
What way is the significance of the attached symbols, how can they be revealed? With this method, the deacons were victorious in accepting and confusing religious texts (exegesis), as well as in vzagali be-any texts (hermeneutics). I had a special respect for the texts. Adzhe was aware that all the secrets of the buttya were found in sacred writings, especially in the text of the Bible. The text, the word is the main object of analysis. Sound the analysis going through several stages: etymological, semantic, conceptual and speculative. At the stage of etymological analysis, the change of words, primary, cob values was discussed. Semantic analysis, as if sacred texts were meant to be aimed at moralization, elucidating the moral sense of life. Conceptual analysis claiming to explain the course of the author's thoughts to the text. At the speculative stage, the evidence was taken from what was learned, the commentator, having taken up the system-creating activity, among others, risked to go into super-accuracy from the glances of the authorities.
The middle philosophy was especially respected for the symbolism of words. I realized that the middle symbolism originated from the texts of the Bible, that is. zі slіv. For Dante, the word was a wild sign, a symbol. Sounds become wiser to the Bible "The Word was on the cob." But what is the word? What does it mean? For whom, the famous “super story about universals” between nominalists and realists was lit, which made it possible to significantly clarify the vision of Plato and Aristotle about the relationship between the single and the common.
Realism and nominalism:
For middle-class philosophy, two trends are characteristic: realism and nominalism. Under realism, it’s small on the vchennya’s mind, but with such a reference, reality can only be understood with a deep understanding, but universals. It is common with the middle realists of the universal to speak to speeches, which are thoughts, ideas in the divine mind. And only for the sake of it, the human mind knows the essence of speeches, for the essence of the day is nothing else, like a deep understanding. With a wealth of realities, knowledge is only possible with the aid of reason;
Forever directly bulo pov'yazane z pіdkrelennyam priority vіlі rozumі і little namіnalіzmu vіd latinskogo word "nomen" - іm'ya. It is evident that up to the last vchennya, it is clear that there are no more than names. The stench does not create an independent self-sustaining reason and is settled by our minds by way of abstraction of certain signs, blatant for low speeches. For example, the understanding of the "person" appears in all the signs that are characteristic of the skin person of the okremo, that concentration of what is sleepy for everyone: the person - tse the truth is alive, endowed with a larger mind, lower be some creature, he has one head, two legs the other way.
Having lived the main provisions of the philosophy of the Middle Ages, varto repeat that the middle-class philosophy is completely theocentric: all the main understandings of the middle-of-the-road thinking of spivvіdnesenі with God and are signified through the new one.
Deyakі nominalіsti navіt brought, scho zagalnі understand only the sounds of a human voice. On whom the philosopher Roscelin especially attacked. Vіn bringing, scho zagalnі understand only the sounds of a human voice. In reality, it is less solitary, and more blatant - less than an illusion, as it is known to instill in the human mind.
Supergirls and public discussions between realists and nominalists often-densely led stosunki beyond the scope of theology. Step by step, they began to discuss philosophical problems, which called out the dissatisfaction of the church leaders.
2. The main stages in the development of middle-class philosophy: apologetics, patristics, scholasticism.
In the middle European philosophy, two main stages are seen - patristics (from the II century to the VIII century) and scholasticism (from the IX century to the ear of the XV century). Apologetics - early patristics. The hour of middle-class philosophy will end in the 15th century, if philosophy develops under the authority of church canons.
The coils of philosophy of the Middle Ages are found in ancient philosophy, then one hour later it was molded at once with the religion of Christianity.
Characteristics of rice middle-class philosophy: theocentrism, creationism, providencialism, the principle of bloodlines.
Characterized by:
Theocentrism is the principle, zgіdno z yakim at the center of svіtobudov and God is known - the spiritual absolute, hourly and beyond. God separates the entirety of both divine and human nature.
Creationism means coming: God is the creator, having created the world out of nothing, on the cob of creation was the divine will and the divine word - the Logos. Divine creation is harmoniously in harmony, the world of good creations, and it was the basis of middle-class ethical optimism and philosophical objectivism.
The third principle, providencialism, is to say: God is guarded by light, history is the epitome of the right baptism, under earthly life the greatest zmist can be.
The essence of the fourth principle is the revelation: God reveals to people his will and the truth through holy books. The Bible is a book of books, it has the keys to all the meanings of the world, to the mystery of salvation.
Philosophy of that period was engaged in formal-logical comments to sacred texts, especially in the period of scholasticism. The mysticism of the clouding of sacred texts - exegesis - was discovered. Already the first Christian thinkers turned to the symbolic interpretation of the Holy Letter. Such a pidkhid expanded and all the manifestations of the world. Hermeneutics - the mysticism of darkness, semiotics - knowledge about the signs of moving and the signs of fire were broken up at the link with the cym.
The main ideas of the middle-class philosophy:
1. The idea of monotheism (united god) is the idea of potoibichchya. Peace is paid for the life of the earth. A person knows a certain hope, at the new one they announce the past and the future.
2. A close link with the Bible as a treasure of knowledge about God, the world, people and history.
3. The dualism of the divine and the human, the sacred and the sinful.
4. Theodicy as a divine truth and eschatology as a belief about the share of the world of that people.
The problem of spіvvіdshennya vіri ta roza virіshuvala authors in a different way:
Aurelius Augustine: I believe, you need to understand. Here the dogma of the vіri becomes the foundation of rational visnovkіv.
Pier Abelar: razumіu, schob virity. Here the truth is guilty of otrimuvati rationale and philosophical confusion. This position leads to the worship of philosophy theology.
Tertullian: I believe, more stupidly. This variant conveys the rozbіzhnіst to the mind and believes, leading up to two truths. Such a position is brought to the development of philosophy and theology.
Another problem is the proof of the buttya of God - rational proofs, like leading philosophers to support the faith, in the foundation of God. The main arguments were: ontological argument, cosmological argument, teleological argument.
The essence of the ontological argument is that because of the idea of God, as a supreme essence and a thorough reality, there is a lot of butt, shards of butt are a warehouse part of the greater perfection. Augustine and Anselm of Canterbury made a lot of arguments for the development of the ontological proof of the butt of God.
The cosmological argument conveys the presence of the absolute cob of light, the creator.
The teleological argument goes so far as to confirm the dotality and order of the world about the presence of a wise organizer.
Cosmological and teleological proofs were developed by Thomas Aquinas.
The third problem of the middle philosophies, especially of the late scholastics, is the problem of universals. Vaughn swears by the assigned ontological status of the hard to understand - universals. The main options for solving the problem are nominalism, realism and conceptualism.
With a look at realism (Augustine, Anselm, Khoma Akvinsky), deep understanding is real, independent, and after speeches, and in speeches - like their daily existence.
Zgіdno with nominalism, universals are blamed only in the human mind and after it they can not be understood. So the French philosopher-scholastic I was respected. Roscelin (1050-1123/5) and the English philosopher W. Ockham (1285-1349).
Conceptualism is respected, which is evident in the speeches themselves, but it does not have an independent basis, but appears as a result of the human mind, as a result of abstraction. Conceptualism, in this rank, is the middle position between the extremes of nominalism and realism. The French scholastic theologian P. Abelard (1079-1142) and the Scottish scholastic theologian I shied before the new. Dunya Scot (1266/70-1308).
Two stages of the middle philosophies are seen in memory: patristics (in the form of "pater" - father) in the II. until the 8th century. that scholasticism (type "scholu" - school) in the IX century. on the cob of the 15th century.
During the period of patristics, the theologians of the Fathers of the Church stood up for Christian dogmas against the lies of Gnosticism and paganism, and fortified the absurdity of ancient wisdom with the Christian faith. The main themes of patristics were: the exodus of evil in the world, theodicy - the truth of God, the problems of the foundation of God, the problem of the freedom of the will of man, the divine destiny of history, the possibility of ordering the soul.
The unity of the vіri vimagaє thoroughly uzhodzhennosti in the postulates of the viri, і postulates out there may be sensible and impudent, tobto symbolic. The Christian faith is guilty of being left behind by someone else's all the good manifestations, the mustaches. The people who lay the foundation of the church are rightfully called the fathers of the church. The stench is transforming the faith into the position of the vir chi dogmi.
Patristics (from Lat. pater-batko) - the marriage of the "fathers of the church", Christian thinkers of the II - III centuries, one of the two main periods of the middle Christian philosophy. They rozrіznyayut Greek (shіdna) and latin (zahіdnu) patristics, as well as early, mature and pіznya.
In the early patristics (II-III centuries), in the minds of the persecution of Christianity and tireless dogmatism, philosophical arguments hang out against the defense of Christianity, and come to the first philosophical understanding. The most significant philosopher of the early Greek patristics was Origen (185-263/4), the Latin - Quint Septimius "Tertullian" (block 160 - after 220).
The mature patristics (IV-V centuries) is the hour when Christianity takes a leading camp in the spiritual life, dogmatics solidifies, the foundations of Christian philosophy are created in a tense creative atmosphere. Among the Greek patristic women, Gregory Nisky (335-394) and the unknown author (Pseudo-Dionysius) of "The Areopagist" (kin. V century) are seen. I saw the Latin patristics in the work of Aurelius Augustine.
In the late patristic (VI-VIII centuries), the first plan is to think about the direction of the previous period and is accepted as canonical philosophical material. The great philosophers of the Greek patristics were Maksim the Spovidnik (bl. 580-662) and John of Damascus (bl. 675-753). Severin Boetsy (480-525) was the great thinker of the late Latin patristics, who prepared the transition of philosophy to scholasticism.
The head right of the philosophers of patristics was the creation of that broadening of the Christian philosophical doctrine, the approval of its principles, the transformation of philosophy into the servant of the Holy Scriptures and the church orthodoxy. In the Christian soul, the ancient philosophical decadence was transformed, and Platonism was ahead of us. An ideological struggle was led by dogmatism, ancient cosmocentrism, cultural elitarism, and intellectualism were added. The philosophical thought of the patristics was focused on the task of explaining how the Divine buttya of that human being succumbs.
The main boules for her are problems in vіri ta rozumu; nature of God, yoga trinity, divine attributes; human specialty, її freedom, ways to save the soul; theodicy; historical segments of humanity.
Scholasticism, or school philosophy, is wisdom, as taught in monastic schools and universities. Scholasticism develops further the problems of patristics, systematizes the Christian light-gazer.
Before the year 1000, Europe reached the singing world of political security and cultural activity improved. The places grew, the wild growth of interest up to the age led to the foundation of universities. Until the XII century. z'yavlyayutsya universities - Bologna, Oxford, Paris, in some theological krіm vіdkrivayutsya juridical and medical universities. The basis of education in the first universities was laid on the principle of "according to our understanding - and you understand: there is nothing wrong."
People can know about religion. Philosophy reaches maturity, strives for self-sufficiency, for which reason it is necessary to act as a servant of theology.
The essence of scholasticism was based on the supra-rational vision of God, and the search for rational ways of yogic knowledge.
The recognition of God is due to the fruits of one's creation and the results of one's work in the right world. The rational grounding of theology longed for the transformation of logic as an instrument of proof for the grounding of church dogmas. The new understanding of "scholasticism" will become synonymous with science, shattered by life, without fruit, as if basing itself on uncritical pretrial authorities.
Middle-class philosophy has gone to history under the name of scholasticism.
Vіdmіnі risi srednyovіchnoї scholasticism.
1) Scholasticism sees itself as a science, placed at the service of theology, as a "servant of theology." Starting around the 11th century. in the middle universities, interest in the problems of logic grows, as in that era the name of dialectics was small and the subject of which was put together by a robot over concepts. It is better to understand the distinction, the appointment of the appointment and the definition of the hour was virojuvalos in the great richness of the atmosphere.
2) Nature ceases to be the most important subject of knowledge. Golovne, what is necessary to understand - God is that human soul.
3) A person’s sublime assessment: “like God” and “reasonable creature”.
4) Tsіkave razumіnnya problems of soul and body. In the yoga basis - the Christian dogmas "God's Day" and "Resurrection in the Flesh". Origen (III century): the spirit is given by God and directing for good, the soul is the seed of individuality, the body is the order of the soul, and the soul is the spirit. Evil resembles evil with freedom, so the body is not yet an ear of evil.
Already in the epoch of the Renaissance of the Middle Ages, scholasticism was one of the subjects of post-modern criticism. Tsya criticism is conducted more sharply in the 17th century. Philosophers of the New Hour criticized scholasticism for putting it down to nature, for symbolism and alegorism.
The sharp criticism of scholasticism (by the head rank, from the side of Protestantism) was directed against the fact that scholasticism tried to help reason to give a rationally grounding of the truths of the blood, accessible only to the naked.
Before the head problems, as discussed in the middle-class philosophy, lies the problem of faith and reason, the proof of God's butt, the problem of universals.
The problem of spіvvіdnoshnja vіri ta rozum was virіshuvala by the authors in a different way. You can formulate three options (theses) for the problem:
1. Thesis of Aurelius Augustine: I believe, I need to understand. Here the dogma of the vіri becomes the foundation of rational visnovkіv.
2. Thesis of P'er Abelard: razumіu, schob viriti. Here the truth is guilty of otrimuvati rationale and philosophical confusion. This position leads to the worship of philosophy theology.
3. Tertullian's thesis: I believe, but it's foolish. This variant conveys the rozbіzhnіst to the mind and believes, leading up to two truths. Such a position is brought to the development of philosophy and theology.
Tertullian hangs on the position of the day to believe, deeming the need for philosophical knowledge, shards can not be consumed in the accomplishments of Christ. Jomu is credited with the maxim: "I believe it's absurd."
Justin - philosophy is the sister of religion and can, in their best minds, pose their own problems, like a religious belief.
Zahidna patristics: Augustine.
In the work of Augustine, the problematics of patristics knew a deep development and a clear expression. Augustine Aurelius (354-4301 was born in Tagasti (Pivn. Africa), baptized in 387, became Bishop of Hippo, canonized christian church. Golovni create "Spovid", "About the Trinity", "About the place God." Augustine, having developed Christian Platonism, which was the most direct European philosophy until the 13th century. Augustine is characterized by a religious and mystical style of philosophizing, voluntarism, personalism, psychology.
The central theme is the human soul, savage to God at the jokes of the poryatunka. The main idea of Augustine; God - finished The person is absolutely buttya. Z tsієї ideї vyplyvaє yogo іsnuvannya (“ontological proof of the buttya of God”). God is absolutely simple, immutable, pose for an hour, pose for space. The divine trinity can be understood by representing the soul as the image of God:
1) the soul є - the Buttya is being strengthened, which is raising God the Father;
2) the soul of rozumіє - stverzhuєtsya Rozum, Logos, scho virіznyaє God-Sin;
3) the soul is praying, the Will is being strengthened, which is contemplating God - the Holy Spirit.
The Divine mind has a perfect way of thinking, “conciliators” of all speeches. "Exemplarism" of Augustine is the position of extreme realism along with the problem of universals. God having created the world, for some buttya mixed with non-butts.
Matter is nothing, but it’s good that it’s possible that the substrate for the adoption of form.
Lyudina is the soul of that body.
The soul is a reasonable substance, attached to the body to be carved
. The rising of the soul and the body without error, the soul “knows” about the body of the body, not interfering with it (the problem of psychophysical paralysis).
Life is in the heart of the life of the soul, in її experiences and doubts. "I have doubts, - like Augustine, - now, I live."
Will and love are worth for reason.
The body is in the open space in the hour, the soul is only in the hour. Augustine yes psychological insight an hour I will become a soul:
the soul remembers - the present day of the past, the soul contemplates - the present day, the soul checks, spodіvaєtsya - the present day.
Love and will, the mind of a person, like everything is created, straight on the head to God.
At spіvvіdnoshnіnі vіri ta roza Augustin vіddast persіst vіrі, provogoshuyuchi; "I believe, to understand!" Ale vіn vavає, scho vіra is not protirazumnaya, but supramental. You can bring the mind to the singing steps of understanding the truth, and then further - wine of powerlessness, vede faith.
God is touched by the soul nibi osyayannyam (illumination).
Nayvische shines brightly at the mystical union with God. God is the Absolute Good, that is the right method, to the extent that I can bend. Vin is the absolute subject of kohanny, everything else is koshti.
Freedom is the attainment of God's will, love to God.
Original sin, which lies on the skin, soothes the soul. The legacy of sin: weak will to goodness, shyness to filthiness, cunning to Rozum, bodily death.
Evil - vydhilennya in directness to God as an absolute mark. Ale and a sinful soul є poriv to God, salvation from sin.
The theodicy of Augustine will continue to be strong about those who are responsible for the evil in the world, carrying people, as if they committed a sin, evil with the great Divine gift of freedom. In addition, the creation cannot be insanely perfected in two senses: the first is equal to the Creators, the other is equal to all its parts. Lack of thoroughness chogos at the vіdrivі vіd tіgo vystupає like evil.
People pod_lyayutsya in warehouses City of God and City of the earth. The people of the City of God carry on themselves the grace and wisdom of salvation, but until the end we are inspired not to know. Earthly place of dooms for death. Baptism is necessary, but not enough mind for a mess. The church stands for the state, wanting the earthly church to be less than the incomplete inclinations of the heavenly church - the City of God. The power, like the earthly goals, - "defeating the robbers", the kingdom of violence.
History is accepted like light. Won go see Adam and Evi through the fall. The central pillar is the paraphia of Christ, and after it, nothing can “turn on its own”. There is a statement about the linearity, irreversibility of history as the history of people.
Formation of scholasticism: Anselm of Canterbury.
Ansel'm of Canterbury (1033-1109), voicing the idea of extreme realism, appreciating what is bolder - more objectively, first, what is true to and the posture of speeches, and one by one the speeches are less casual in the speeches
Extreme realism is understood by Anselm for confirmation of the butt of God. Oskіlki God conveys the idea of Divine perfection, that means, God is responsible to the mother of power, because in a different way it would not have been possible to understand God.
God is those who are greater and greater than anything you can think of, then, God is true. Such a rationalistic mirkuvannya - in the light of God's understanding and її thoroughness for yogo іsnuvannya - it is not enough for yourself to imagine only the borders of extreme realism to understand. This proof is called ontological. Yogo was called Kant for a year. In such a way it is possible to bring the reason for being-like appearances. For example, you can build the foundation of the most beautiful island in the world, as a foundation to bring it to perfection.
Homa Akvinsky - Systematizer of scholasticism. Proof of God's butt.
Khoma Aquinas magnifies the person, stverzhuyuchi, that the world was created for her. Philosopher pragne to manifest harmoniously in the blue:
God - people - nature;
isnuvannya - daytime;
rozum - will;
vira - knowledge;
soul - body;
іndivіd - suspіlstvo;
morality is right;
the church is a state.
Aquinas (1225/26 - 1274) - a black of the Dominican order, the most prominent representative of mature scholasticism. The wedding of Aquinas was celebrated with a great infusion at Serednovichchi, the Roman church officially recognized yoga. Tse vchennya revives in the XX century. under the name of neotomism (a stretch of Catholic philosophy).
Aquinas tried to counter the main ambush of Christian theology, relying on Aristotle's doctrine. With all the rest, it was remade by him in such a rank, so that it did not supersede the dogmas of the creation of the world for nothing and the beliefs about the divine people of Jesus Christ.
God - the richest cob - is the very buttya. Thomas Aquinas distinguishes between buttya (snuvannya) and sutnist (only in God buttya and sutnist zbіgayutsya), but does not oppose them, but after Aristotle he adds them hot root. Essences may be self-reliant buttya on the vіdmіnu vіd accidents (authority, yakostі), scho іsnuyat іlki zavdіаk s substances. Zvіdsi vіdmіnіst vіdminіnіnіh substantіal'nyh and aktsidentalnyh forms. The first ones remember whether the speeches are simple but, the others are less than bitterness. After Aristotle, rozraznyayuchi actual and potential, Homa Aquinas looks at the buttya as from the actual camps.
In skin speech, the style of buttya, the words of relevance. Obviously, I saw 4 equal buttevity of speeches for equal relevance.
1. The form is the soundness of speech (minerals, inorganic verses).
2. Form - the last reason for speech (roslini).
3. The form is the infuriating cause (creatures).
4. Form itself, independent of matter (spirit, mind, reasonable soul).
A reasonable human soul does not die in the death of the body. Vaughn is self-existent. The souls of creatures are not self-existent; all creatures are born with the help of the body - the souls of creatures perish from the body, the human soul is immortal.
Rozum is the realm of the midst of human life: a reasonable will is the creation of a distinction between good and evil. Like Aristotle, Homa to succumb to the will with a practical mind, that is a mind, directing to action, and not to knowledge.
True beings appear as individuals. Starting from God, which is a clean act of buttya, and, kinchayuchi the least of the creations of essences, the skin of existence can see self-sufficiency, as it changes in the world down.
Vira. Rozum and philosophy - aspects of faith: to talk about God, about the people, about the world.
Reason to bring the reason of God (5 proofs).
1. Vіd Rukh (Rich can be brought to Rukh
team who is active).
2. Reasonable reasons.
3. Needs.
4. Steps of perfection.
5. Run to the bone.
Rozum necessary vіrі. "Reason, schob viriti" - the axis of the main postulate of Homi Akvinsky. With whom the human ear needs faith (a priori, unproven on the cob stage of faith), for it is good to lead a mind.
3. People that suspіlstvo in philosophy of the epoch of Renaissance
An ear of the Middle Ages is tied from the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 rubles). Middle philosophy - the whole philosophy of the epoch of feudalism V-XV centuries. The cob of middle-class philosophy is marked by the union of philosophy and theology, as well as the synthesis of two traditions: ancient philosophy and Christian revelation. In middle-class philosophy, two periods can be named: formation and development. Oscilki philosophical vchennya tsієї epochs began to take shape already in the І-V centuries, and they were based on the ethical concepts of the stoїkіv, epicureans and neoplatonists, then we can see such periods:
1) the period of apologetics and patristics (III-V centuries);
2) scholastic period (V-XV centuries).
The peculiarity of the middle-class philosophy was її staleness in religion. “Philosophy is a servant of theology”, “before the Christian faith” - this is how the role of philosophy in the supremacy of that period was designated.
Just as the Greek philosophy was tied to pagan rich gods (polytheism), then the philosophical thought of the middle gods succumbs to its roots in the religion of the single god (monotheism). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam lay before such religions. In such a rank, the philosophy of the middle class was a fusion of theology and ancient philosophical thought (the main rank of the congression of Plato and Aristotle).
The middle mind is essentially theocentric (Lat. theos- God). Vіdpovіdno to the principle of theocentrism dzherelom be-such a butt, the good that beauty is God. Theocentrism was the basis of the middle ontology - the core of the butt. The main principle of middle-class philosophy is the principle of absolute specialness, the specialness of God. The principle of absolute singularity is the result of the deepest, lower in antiquity, understanding of the subject, which, well, knew its own in theocentrism. Most of the meta in life is revealed in the service of God. Zgіdno z sreddnyovіchnym myslennyam, God є pershoprachiny and pershoosnovy svіtu. Idealism was a panіvnym direct stretch of the old middle class: “The word was on the back. And that word was God.” The dogmas of the Holy Letter became the main point of philosophical reflections. Perevaga seemed to be different, but chi was not known; religion, but not science.
The dogma about creation is to transfer the center to the supranatural cob. |In the view of the ancient gods, as if they were disputed with nature, the Christian God stands above nature, according to that bik її and that є transcendental God (potoibichnym). An active creative cob nibi sprouts from nature and is transmitted to God. For such a creation, it is the prerogative of God, and those who walk on the side of people are treated with blasphemy. Such manifestations were even wider, which directly streamed the formation, engineering and scientific ideas. Created by Christian dogma, God created the world out of nothing, having created an act of his will, the forces of his omnipotence. Such a thought is called creationism (Lat. creation), which means "tvir", "creation".
In the midst of middle-class philosophy, there was also providentialism - faith in those that everything in the world follows the will of divine providence, that irrationalism - belittling the knowledge possibilities of the human mind, knowing the main ones; dzherelom cognizance of intuition, osyayannya, okrovennya and so on. Basic drawings of middle-class philosophy.
1. A close link to the Sacred writings, as if it were a source of knowledge about the world of that people.
2. Philosophy, based on tradition, the texts of the Holy Scriptures, was dogmatic and conservative, and skepticism was alien.
3. Philosophy is theocentric, the shards of the primordial reality of everything that exists were not nature, but God.
4. Philosophical formalism, which is understood as schilnist to caught, "skam'yanilih" formulas, based on the mysticism of clouding, interpretation of the text.
5. Creationism is the main principle of ontology, and the epistemology is the main principle of epistemology.
A development of a philosophical thought of Sunset and Descent until the XIV century. it went in different ways: in Arabic Descent from part of Spain, rooted [by Arabs, philosophy changed less in a plethora of religion, lower rv of Europe and Skhidnіy Asia. Arabic and Arab science in this first period went far ahead of the Europeans. In China, science was also more advanced, lower in Europe, although religion was even more powerful. A number of Arab philosophers created their practice in line with the scientific and philosophical traditions, inspired by the ancient genius of Democrat - yoga ideas about atoms, Pythagorean mathematics, the ideas of Plato, the philosophical and natural science of Aristotle, especially the system of logic.
In European philosophy, materialism in the Middle Ages did not take away such a broadening and infusion into culture, like at the Skhodі. Religious ideology has become a panіvnoy form of іdeology, like a servant of theologian has broken out of philosophy.
The era of the Middle Ages hung a galaxy of prominent philosophers: Augustine (354-430), Boetziy (480-524), Eryugen (810-877), Al-Farabi (870-950), Ibn Sina (980-1037), Averrosh (Іbn) 1126 -1198), Pier Abelard (1079-1142), Roger Bacon (1214-1292), Khoma Akvinsky (1225-1274), Viknam (1285-1349) and in.
A trace of memory, that the light-gazer and life principles of the early Christian communities were molded on the cob from the stand to the pagan world. The middle church was also more predictable to the "pagan" philosophy ancient light, especially to the material values. However, the world, like Christianity, was gaining more infusion, and that one began to demand a rational obstruction of its dogmas, they began to try to victorious for the purpose of raising ancient philosophers. In the course of the assimilation of the philosophical recession of antiquity, it was partly, ahead of time, most often it was given a new clouding to reinforce religious dogmas. The main forms of the development of philosophical thought in the period of the early Middle Ages were apologetics and patristics. Right in that the expansion of Christianity in Europe, in Byzantium, Western Asia and Pivnichniy Africa I was in a deep struggle with other religious and philosophical currents.
Apologetics and patristics (III-V centuries)
Apologetics (type Greek. apologia- zahist) - the early Christian philosophical current that protected the ideas of Christianity in the grip of a pan-pagan ideology. Apologists brought the possibility of establishing philosophy on the basis of Christian faith. Christianity of the first century, which recognized the persecution of power, demanded a theoretical zakhist, zdijsnennoy apologetics. The most prominent representative of the apologetics was Justin Martyr.
Then patristics is an apologetics (Lat. Pater- Batko) - philosophical doctrine of the "fathers of the church". The creations of the "fathers of the church" had the main theses of Christian philosophy, theology, and beliefs about the church. This period is characterized by the development of whole religious-speculative systems. Razrіznyayut zakhіdnu and shіdnu patristics. Augustine the Blessed is honored with the brightest figure at Sunset, Gregory the Theologian, John Zolotoust, Maximus the Savior at the Descent. Vіdmіnna singularity Byzantine (skhidna) philosophy is based on the fact that the victorious Greek language is more organically related to ancient culture, lower Latin Zakhid.
Augustine the Blessed having plunged into middle-class philosophy. Augustine came to Christianity through Manichaeism (religious-philosophical doctrine, which appeared at the Close Descent in the III century, respected good and evil with equally great ambushes) and neoplatonism, having experienced such wines in youth. At the vchenni Augustine, having pitted the foundations of Neoplatonic philosophy with Christian postulates. God, according to Augustine, is the cause of everything. God created the world and continues to create it. Based on the ideas of Neoplatonism, Augustine developed the philosophical problem of theodicy from the Christian theologian (Greek. theos- god i dike- justice) - the problem of the foundation of evil in the world, which is created by God. Good - tse viyav God of the earth, vyv Augustine, evil - tse marriage of good. The evil of the earth is blamed through the remoteness of the material basis in its ideal image. Incorporating in oneself the divine image of objects, phenomena, people, matter, through its appearance, creates an ideal, transforming it into an incomplete likeness.
Theoretically known by Augustine, the formula was voted: "I believe, to understand." Tsya formula mean v_dmovitysa vіd rational pіznanny vzagali, but stverdzhuє insane primacy of vіri. The main idea of Augustine's education is the formation of a person from the "old" to the "new", the subordination of selfishness in love to God. Augustine, having respected that the saved people are in front of us in belonging to the Christian church, as a representative of the "city of God on earth." Augustine, looking at two protracted views of human activity - "city of the earth", that is sovereignty, as it is based on love to itself, brought to the absolute, ignorance of God, and "city of God" - spiritual sleepiness, as it is founded on love to God, brought to znevagi up to yourself. For Augustine, God is the greatest good, and the human soul is close to God and immortal, it is perfect, lower body. The victory of the soul over the body wins, so that the person dbala us in front of the soul, ignoring the feelings of the soul.
Augustine, having hung up the problem of freedom of specialness, shards of guilt, having taken into account that subjectively a person is free, but everything that is to be robbed, to be robbed through God. The merit of Augustine lies in the fact that he showed in advance that the life of the soul, the life of the “inner person” is simplistically collapsible and hardly original. "Great is the day itself, the person ... hair is easier to know, lower than yoga, and the heart is broken." Philosophical underpinning of Christianity, I tried to know from the philosophy of Plato, signifying that the ideas of Plato are “the thoughts of the creator before the act of creation”. Augustine was the ancestor of neo-Platonism directly in Christian philosophy, a kind of panuvav in Western Europe right up to the XIII century.
Philosophical ideas in the writings of Augustine: “About the true religion”, “About the place God”, “Speak”, “About the Trinity” and other, like steel theoretical basis ideology of Christianity
Scholasticism (V-XV centuries)
Scholasticism was the main philosophical trend of the epoch of Christian ideology. The “father of scholastics” respects Boetius, who was not taken as the first scholastic, as the “remaining Roman”, a successor of Cicero, Seneca, the Platonists of the Roman era. The head tvir Boetsiya, the treatise “Razrada filosofiyu”, is the result of yoga philosophical and logical studies.
Scholasticism (type Greek. schole- school), so that "shkіlna philosophy", which panowed at middle-class universities, which destroyed Christian dogmatics with logical worldviews. The main tasks of scholasticism were obstructed, defended and systematized religious dogmas in a logical way. Dogma (from Greek. dogma- dumka) is a camp that insanely takes on faith and does not succumb to criticism. Scholasticism created a system of logical arguments to support the dogmas of the faith. Scholastic knowledge is called knowledge, based on knowledge of life, based not on well-established, sensitive knowledge, but on mirkuvannyah, which spire on dogma.
Scholasticism did not stop the rational knowledge of the mind, even though it led it to the logical recognition of God. With whom the scholastics opposed the mystics (from the Greek. mystika- sacrament) - a vchennya about the possibility of knowing God, including the path of supranatural gazing - the path of blood, osyayan those other irrational benefits. For nine hundred years the scholastics panuvala at the suspіlnіy svіdomosti. Vaughn played a positive role in the development of logic and other fundamentally theoretical disciplines, protesting against the development of natural, advanced sciences.
The greatest representative of scholasticism in the period of її rozkvіtu є Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), or Thomas Aquinas, who was canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. Vіn systematizing theological doctrine, having created a philosophical concept, became the basis of the official Catholic ideology. On the other hand, the orthodox philosophical doctrine of Catholicism is called Tomism. The modern philosophical doctrine of the Vatican is called neotomism. The most famous creations of Fomi Aquinas are called Sumi Aquinas - “Sum against pagans” (the “Sum of Philosophy”) and “Sum of Theology”. At the church of Aquinas, it is clear to conduct between faith and knowledge, religion and science. Religion to know the knowledge of the intimates. The science of building is logical to bring the truth to the core. For whom is the meta-foundation of science. Scholasticism allowed the foundation of more theoretical sciences. Dosvіdchene, chuttєve (natural-science) knowledge of it vvozdal sinners.
For Foma Akvinsky, there is no more theology than knowledge about the underlying causes. Knowledge about God - knowledge of two orders: 1) accessible to the skin; 2) inaccessible to a simple human mind. Therefore, the main principle of theology is the principle of overriding the faith before the mind. Headline thesis: "I believe it's absurd." Homa Akvinsky obguruntuv impossibility of double truth. There is only one truth - that is God.
Tom Akvinsky to show five positions of the cosmological proof of the butt of God.
We must prove not by understanding about God, but by the fact that a skin manifestation has a reason. Inheriting one reason before, Khoma comes to the conclusion about the need to establish God as the supreme cause of all real phenomena and processes. F. Akvinsky richly robbed for the priming of the theoretically Catholic faith, for which he was awarded the title of “angelic doctor”.
At XI Art. the struggle of the scholastic philosophy itself, between nominalism and realism, like a scientific discussion, is being heated up. The biggest of them, which tried to stretch a lot of money, was so called "super girl about universals". Universals (from lat. universale- zagalne) naming global concepts (terms, names, names) on the view of single, specific objects. At the basis of the discussion about universals lay the following reason: “Which one objectively (really) discovers more than one thing”?
Realism (Lat. realis- deisny) knowing what the deep understanding is about, objectively, really, independently from the mind, what they know. The realists spoke about the real reason for the deep understanding - “universal” (“a person vzagali”, “a tree vzagali”, etc.) - as if about a spiritual essence, or foreshadowing lonely speeches. Universals, stverdzhuyut stench, really speak to speech, generate speech. This extreme realism, in its own way, was Plato's speech about the "world of ideas" and "the world of speeches."
Nominalism (from lat. potpep - im'ya) knowing what is real, objectively explaining less one by one objects, and deep understanding - creating the names of the subject, what they know, by way of abstraction a sign that the universals are discovered not before, but after speeches. Realistically, it’s less one by one speeches, for example, people, trees, just like “a person has taken off” or “a tree has taken off” - just name a word or two, with the help of which people will catch sight of one by one objects.
Conceptualism is a different kind of nominalism, or lesser nominalism, which sometimes signifies as an intermediate straight line between nominalism and realism. Conceptualism is the knowledge of the reality of the deep things to understand, but only in the mind of the subject that he knows.
Food for self-verification
(First river of understanding of the material)
1. What are the characteristics of the philosophy of the middle class?
2. What are the philosophical trends that vindicated in the era of the Middle Ages?
3. What is the essence of the scholastic super-girl about universals between realists and nominalists?
Philosophy of the Age of Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries)
Epoch of Renaissance, chi Renaissance (from French. renaissance- revival), took away its name through the revival of the most important principles in the spiritual culture of antiquity, which began in this period.
The epoch of the Renaissance was orientated by the art, and the cult of the artist-creator was held in its central place. The artist inherits not just a creation of God, but the very divine creativity. A person begins to find a point of support for himself - for his soul, body, body (the cult of beauty - Botticelli, Leonardo, Raphael). Raznobіchnіst rozvitku that gifted especially sauntered in the qiu epoch.
Serednyovіchna philosophіya profoundly and poslіdovno thought out the principle of the Absolute, if the primacy of not nature, not man, but God, was primordially and in the end. Such a philosophical svetoglyad most organically supports the entire social and state-political structure of the middle class, which is rooted in the silsky state. In the world of transition to the Russian way of life, and the development of craftsmanship, the importance of people, and creative activity, is manifested especially. At the center of respect for philosophy of Renaissance, a person appears.
The new economic trends have taken the blame for the spiritual opposition to feudalism as a way of life and a panivny way of thinking. Technical wines scientific opinion enriched with new, more efficient ways of doing things (self-spinning appeared, weaving was done to perfection, blast furnace metallurgy was also found). The stoking of gunpowder and the creation of the fire of fire caused a coup in the Viysk right, which led to the significance of the person as a kind of viysk and as a feudal camp. The people of the Drukarstvo supranationally adopted the development of a humanist culture in Europe. The choice of the compass signifi- cantly increased the navigability of seafaring, the lines of water trade communications expanded rapidly, and the mediterranean sea was especially intense - it is not surprising that the first method of manufactory became a stepping stone to the transition to the handicraft in the Italian places. In this manner, the main rethinks for the vindication of philosophy and culture of the era of the Renaissance were the crisis of feudalism, the thorough development of the practice of virobnicheskih vіdnosin, the development of crafts and trade, the rise of illuminance, the crisis of the church and scholastic philosophy and technical sciences, and the crisis of the church and scholastic philosophy and technical sciences, The peculiarity of the early bourgeois culture was a reversal to the ancient recession (not a reversal to the past, but a reversal). As far as philosophy is concerned, now it has begun її vodokremlennya in theology. Religion is vindicated as a kind of science, politics and morality. The era of the formation of advanced sciences begins, their role is recognized as the only one that gives correct knowledge about nature. In the era of the Renaissance, a new philosophical light-gazer was born of the creativity of a whole galaxy of prominent philosophers: Mikoli Copernicus (1473-1543), Mikoli Kuzansky (1401-1464), Giordano Bruno (1548-1600), Galileo244 1407-14, 1407-14 -1494), Tommaso Campanelli (1568-1639), Thomas More (1478-1535), Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), Erasmus36991556 E5P6Term.
The main ideologist of the current philosophy was Mykola of Kuzansky, the first prominent representative of the pantheistic philosophy of Doby Renaissance. Kuzan brings God closer to nature, creator to creatures, attributing divine attributes to nature, and in front of us indistinctness in space. Vіn Earth ceased to be the center of the world. Vіn vyslovlyuє ideї completely rozumіnnya nature, unity of lengths, unity and impersonality, mozhlivіst і dіysnіst, inconsistency and kіntsіvku in nature. M. Kuzansky having discussed and explained the understanding of the scientific method, the problem of creativity. Vіn stverdzhuvav, scho opportunity of a person in the sphere of knowledge without bounds. Just look at the coming ideas of philosophy of the era of Renaissance.
Giordano Bruno to the greatest genius of this period. Vin, having discovered all church dogmas, having developed the heliocentric ideas of Copernicus, having discovered the basis of rich worlds. Bruno wrote richly about God, but yogo God buv Vsesvit. Vіn zaperechuvav God, who dictates the laws of the world. A person for Bruno is a part of nature.
The greatness of the development of the philosophy of the epoch of the Revival of small prats Galileo Galilei. Yogo vіdkrittya in astronomy have outgrown the Zhorstok controversy with the church, as it stood for the Aristotelian-Ptolemic picture of the world. Galileo, calling out to see nature with a more familiar path on the basis of mathematics and mechanics. Vіn vavvav, scho to the truth can lead only scientific methods that include the experiment. The scientific methodology of Galileo, relying on mathematics and mechanics, designated this light-gazer as mechanistic materialism. Galileo's God is a pershodvigun, who told about the collapse of the planets. Gave "mechanism" from nature, having earned it independently and becoming the mother of its own laws of power, as if it were the duty of science. Galileo was one of the first to formulate a realistic view of nature.
The natural-philosophical ideas of the epoch of Resurrection have poured into the development of philosophy and natural science of the New Hour.
The main rice of the ideology of the Renaissance is humanism (in the form of lativ, homo- people) - an ideological movement that strengthens the value of people and human life. Francesco Petrarch (1304–1374) is the founder of the ideology of humanism. In the philosophy of the Renaissance, humanism manifested itself, zokrema, in anthropocentrism (like the Greek. anthropos- lyudina) - svetoglyadі, which puts at the focus of the svіt buttya lyudiny.
Rationalism becomes its own manifestation of humanism, which affirms the primacy of reason over faith. A person can independently do the taєmnitsі buttya, vivayuchi ambush the іsnuvannya of nature. In the epoch of the Renaissance, they discovered scholastic, opportunistic principles of knowledge, it became clear, natural and scientific knowledge. They created a fundamentally new, anti-scholastic picture of the world: the heliocentric picture of Mikoli Copernicus and the picture of Giordano Bruno, the unseen All-world.
The views on nature in philosophy revived panuav pantheism (vіd Greek pan- all i theos- god) - a vchennya that reflects the nature of that God. In the ethics of the Renaissance, some of the principles of pre-Christian venerations about morality (epikureism, stoicism, skepticism) were revived. New concepts have appeared in social philosophy, directing from individualism and secularization (pacification, weakening of the ecclesiastical influx in all spheres). The greatest achievements of the Renaissance era were those that broke the dictatorship of the church.
The basis of human knowledge was respected by humanities, to establish mutual love. In the philosophy of the Renaissance era, it is more aesthetically pleasing (which in the translation from Greek means that it is worth a lot), thinkers are more likely to appreciate creativity and the beauty of human specialty, and not religious dogma. Let anthropocentrism resurrect to lie at the side of the sizable economic foundations.
Directly at the philosophy of the Renaissance era:
1) humanist (XIV-XV centuries) - the problems of the people were raised, the greatness of that power was asserted, the dogmas of the church were crossed over (F. Petrarch, L. Balla);
2) Neo-Platonic (XV-XVI centuries) - from the standpoint of idealism, the knowledge of the phenomena of nature, space, human problems were suggested, the ideas of Plato were developed (N. Kuzansky, P. Mirandola, Paracelsus);
3) natural philosophy (XVI - post. XVII centuries) - spiraling on scientific and astronomical insights, they tried to change the manifestation of the power of the All-world, Cosmos and the basis of light (N. Copernicus, J. Bruno, G. Galilei);
4) Reformation (XVI-XVII centuries) - An attempt to review the church ideology and mutually between people and the church (E. Rotterdamsky, J. Calvin, M. Luther, T. Müntzer, Usenlif);
5) political (XV-XVI centuries) - connected with the problems of managing the power (N. Machiavelli);
6) utopian-socialistic (XV-XVII centuries) - searches for an ideal welfare on the basis of regulation of all mutual relations with the side of the state for the mind and the presence of private power (T. More, T. Campanella).
Pіdіb'єmo deyaki pіdbags. We have already said earlier that the philosophers of the Middle Ages of that era of the Renaissance became the followers of the philosophers of antiquity. Porivnyuyuchi paradigmatic features of the philosophy of these epochs, we can see their vіdminnosti.
Middle philosophy covers a thousand-year period, approximately from the 5th to the 15th centuries. In some cases, the spadix comes up to I-II st. n.e., pov'yazuyuchi yogo hourly appeared the Christian religion.
In the history of Russia, the Middle Ages date back to the 9th-17th centuries, and the vindication of the philosophies of the Russian Empire appears in the baptism of Russia in 988 r. At this hour, the Christian philosophy has already reached the height of its development, it has formed that honor scholastics.
Early The middle class is characterized by the formation of dogmatics for the minds of the formation of the European powers. Zrile Serednovichchya, starting from the XI century, connected with the formation and establishment of feudalism, like its own ideological basis vikoristovuvav rozvinene in the early middle middle christianity.
Zagalom to the philosophy of the Middle Ages theocentrism (Figure 2.4). Vaughn was closely tied to the religious systems of light-gathering and completely lay in them. At the link with tsim i, a middle-class philosophy was developed, most importantly within the framework of religion: European - with an influx of Christianity, and Arabic - Islam, although in the VIII-XIII centuries. the Arab philosophical thought was like an independent one. In general, there is a significant part of the philosophical navchan and shkil, which vinckled in the Middle Ages, lie down to religious philosophy.
Rice. 2.4.
Among the thinkers, they played an important role in the transition to ancient philosophy before the Christian you see Philo of Alexandria (end of the 1st century BC - the middle of the 1st century AD), who is the basis of his ontological views of the Old Commandment. In which philosopher God is reminiscent of the light of light for the help of logos, the head of those - Divine Word or Son of God. The person is a divine due to the nature of the soul and the material body. For the first time, this position has grown up in the hands of the clerks of the cob of the 1st millennium.
The main warehouses of the Middle European Philosophy patristics (II-VIII Art.) that scholasticism (IX-XIV centuries), yak about
is small in the XV century, in the period of creative activity of philosophers of the Renaissance era.
Patristika (Lat. patris- Batko) - a collection of theological, philosophical and political-sociological doctrines of Christian thinkers II-VIII Art.
First period patristics hoary ІІ-ІІІ st. and show itself in the form apologetics. Among the patristics, among the patristics, they call Origen, who, having begun to wake up a whole philosophical system on the basis of the rethinks of the Christian religion. Vin that yogo hoaxers brought the legitimacy of the Christian light-gazer, as well as the impossibility of criticism of Christianity from the side of representatives of other philosophical schools, religions, state power.
It’s not surprising, though, looking at the sukupnistye, it was not accepted by the Christian church without intermediary. At the same time, comprehension of these, having looked at the thinkers, the apprentices of Christianity, zmist another period the development of patristics, which I hoary IV-V st. At this hour, polemical-fragmentary philosophizing apologists are being replaced by a robot over the systematization of church doctrine based on an idealist svetoglyader, the struggle of Christian theologians against heresies, hibnym beliefs of religious people is underway. The heresies were respected by the unacceptable concoctions of religious dogmas and bullying, at the thought of the adherents of a panuchigo directly in religion, or by an unsafe pardon, as a rule to correct, or a provocation, a good nayzhorstokishoї kari. Among the heresies were called arianism , monophysitism , gnosticism and other religious deeds and religious-philosophical currents.
At once, the activity of Christian philosophers was culminating, directed at the thorough rationalization of Christianity, brought into a system of different kinds of knowledge that was acceptable to the rest. The apex of the system was theology, which was subordered by philosophy, art, and the greatest equal to the stargazer. The highest point of the patristic has reached the activity cappadocian gurka , before which included Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, Gregory Nisky at the Greek Descent and Augustine at the Latin Sunset.
The most prominent philanthropist of this period is Augustine Aurelius the Blessed (354-430). At 387 r. vіn having adopted Christianity, and already at 395 r. becoming bishop of the city of Hippo in Pivnichny Africa.
Philosophical views of Augustine included Neoplatonism and Christianity. The main viyav of which was the identification of the Platonist single good with God. God is one, Vіn i є nayvische good, Creator of the world. Augustine stverdzhuvav, that the creations of the All World are suvoro ієrarchy, and the crown of creation is the people. Truth is, there are more angels who are closer to God. All the world is constantly resting under the influx of the Creator, and the creative impulse is interrupted, the whole world, broken from nothing, immediately the sign of the bi. Luminous mind - Augustine's Logos is ototozhnivsya from the Synom of God. Tse directly exclaims from the sacred writings: the Greek original of the Gospel in the form of John says: "Spochatku
buv Logos, і Logos buv with God, і Logos buv God”. Nareshti, the soul of light is annealed by the Holy Spirit. In this order, the Platonic triad is naturally transformed by the Holy Trinity. surroundings of the world and those that do not have a posture of material light, the creations of the world - timchasovy, such buttya.
How did gnoseology Augustine affirm, that one can know butt with reason, for the help of philosophy of science, as they did in Antiquity, and one can, by faith, rely on Odkrovennia. The other way was recognized by the philosopher of the best. In this order, the truths of Augustine's beliefs become greater than the truths of the mind, the faith fills rice with the most thorough type of mind. With such innuendos, Augustine formulated the basics mysticism, vchennya about divine penetration in human knowledge. Zgіdno with yoga glances, Divine light - Logos wriggles into the world. There is no yoga in the speeches of those people. However, the creation of God, including the human soul, building light. Zavdyaki svіtlu that mozhliva actualization of material svіtu. God is the invisible dzherelo svіtla, scho rob the visible all else. Knowing is only possible through the exchange of the Divine light.
Moreover, Augustine stverdzhuvav, that Odkrovennya rob the accessible recognition of God's city - a thorough butt, on the vіdmіnu vіd nedogonatalny city of the earth. The city of God and the earthly - protylezhnosti, with a singing rite tied between themselves. The stench of insults is formed from its own kind of two equals: earthly and heavenly. In the sky, God's city is set up by God's angels. Those of them, as if they stood up against God, can know more than an abutment in the earthly city. Henceforth, the Church is the nearest and only model of the city of God on earth. Power well - tse, like vvazhav Augustine, "defeating robbers." The city of God is Abel's baptisms, mandrivers, pilgrims, innocent God-fearing people, whose souls know the order of God. The earthly city is folded up with Cain's caps, as if they are being made to become pans of the earthly world. In front of them check the curse. Augustine's main pracies were "About God", "Against Academies", "About the Trinity", "Immortality of the Soul", "Spovid".
Third , final patristic period (V-VIII Art.) characterized by the stabilization of dogmas, the disappearance of idealistic dialectics, the encyclopedic codification of sciences under the auspices of theology, the emergence of practice, as laid the foundations scholastics. This period is characteristic of the activity of Christian theologians, such as Leontius (bl. 475-543), Boetius (bl. 480-525), who brought the Christian faith into a system. The Byzantine philosopher-theologian John of Damascus (bl. 675-753) had a special role to play. At this hour, three basic formations to understand that Christian principles theology.
Theology (from the Greek. theos - God i logos- word, vchennya; also theology) - the collection of religious doctrines about the essence and essence of God, was inspired by the forms of an idealistic mind on the basis of texts, which are accepted as divine revelations.
The formation of dogmas in the vіri, the totality of those tired at that time to understand, the principles, the insights of religious practice, prepared the basis for the attacking krok at the development of the Christian svetoglyad religious philosophy
At this hour, there was an incremental intensification of the fight between different options light-gazing points of the dawn like a galusian philosophy, for example, a superechtsі mіzh realism і nominalism , and in religious practice, zokrema split Christianity Orthodoxy and Catholicism (1054).
A memorial phenomenon of that period was the vindication of that expansion of the new religion. Islam , the founder of which became Muhammad (570-632). The Prophet and the Messenger of Allah, with the help of the Islamic light-gazer, through whom the rest of the secret, sent people the dogma of Islam, after death, taken from the holy book of Muslims - Qur'an. Potim Islam, Neo-Platonism, Aristotelianism, light-gazing traditions of the breeds of the Near Skhod became the basis Islamic philosophy , what did the spirit of vilianna give to the European philosophy and culture
The centers of Islamic philosophy were Syria, Baghdad, Cordoba, and the most significant forms of these became kalam - the first test of rational education of Islam as the only true religion, Sufism mystical religious and philosophical current, which included a system of ethical norms, psychotraining, Islamic peripatetism - interpretation and development of Aristotelianism in the Islamic tradition.
Sliding respect for the social and regulatory aspect of the sacred writings of the Koran. Millions of Muslims, leaders of Islamic powers and at once, on the cob of the third thousand, are subject to the same norms and rules.
In the philosophical plan, peripatetism appeared, the greatest representatives of which were the Arab thinkers Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd.
Ibn Sina, outside of im'ya such Lbu Ali Hussein ibn Abdallah ibn Sina, and the Latinized Avicenna (980 1037), who was born near Bukhari, de inventing philosophy and medicine. Vіn buv doctor, alchemist, astronomer, astrologer, poet. The leading philosophical practices of Ibn Sini were "The Book of Healing" and "The Book of Knowledge". Yogo tvir "Canon of Medicine" pivtisyacholittya serving as a code of medical knowledge.
The main images of Avicenna's philosophical views in the gallery of ontology were judgments about those that God is the most special day of the day. Vіn maє risi of the Platonic noble and Aristotelian pershoform and know the posture of the hour and space. Light - non-creations and the clear result of God's activity. The human soul is immortal. In the sphere of knowledge of Ibn Sina, it is important that only people have a reasonable soul. A person is born to know nature for help of organs sensitively, and then we see the rose in the eyes of the wilder and more, making understanding. The greatest type of knowledge is divine illumination.
Ibn Rushd, Latinized named after Averroes (1126-1198), born and alive at Cordovia, the capital of the Cordoba caliphate on Iberian Pivostrov, kіlka stіlіt pіd arab panuvannya. Vіn buv lіkarem, judge, writing philosophic pracі, among the main boules "Creation of philosophers", "The goodness of religion and philosophy".
Gnoseological theory is especially important to the philosophical plan two truths. Ibn Rushd to make whiskers, which philosophy is necessary for knowledge, including for blazing the Koran. People are divided into three categories. persha of them - wonderful people, For some it is more important to feel, awake, and not wise. The stench is deaf to rational arguments, willingly bowing to the authority of the Koran. friend The category is put together by people who build mirkuvati. The stench firmly believes the nobility believes, and ce їm gives theology, as if they are reconsidered from the truth of Odkrovennya. Philosophy is not available to them. Zreshtoyu, third category - tse philosophers, how to bring everything with logic and mathematics. The stench touches the truth of the buttya and to know that the buttya is the result of the mutual modality of the Aristotelian persioform and the persomateria, and not the creation of God, rozumіyuchi, prote, that the belief about the Creator is the best substitute for the knowledge of truth forgive people, then. Issuing reference to philosophical truth and religious truth, as a substitute for pershu for a wide range of people, for which philosophy is inaccessible. In the ontology of Ibn Rushd, he mostly looked at Aristotle and Ibn Sini.
It should be noted that there is a lot in what the roots of Islamic philosophy are, although the role of the cym is not intermingled, Europe has a new vinicla tsіkavist until Aristotle's. In this way, religious philosophy inspired interest in Aristotle, yoga of formal logic in order to bring theological thought and gain status scholastics.
Scholasticism (lat. scholastica ; type Greek. scholastikos doctrines, shkіlniy) type of religious philosophy, which is characterized by an important subordination to the primacy of theology, dogmatic rethinks with a rationalistic methodology and a particular interest in formal-logical problems. Early scholasticism (XI-XII centuries) was formed in the minds of the rise of feudal civilization and papal power.
The main method of scholasticism was the continuation of the rational denunciation of the pro-Christian faith: proving God's work, securing the authority and integrity of the Catholic Church in the ideological struggle against both internal and external opponents. In addition, the important goals of scholasticism were the vision of universality, about the wisdom of the mind, as well as the creation of an organic religious system, handy for expanding the middle of the believers.
The scholasticism of the Middle Ages is called classical. Practically everyone agrees on the thought that the greatest systematizer is Dominic monk Homa Akvinsky (1225/6-1274), who was glorified by the practitioners "Sum against pagans", "Sum of theology", "About the spirn nutrition of truth".
ontology Fomi Aquinas evokes the Christian God and the Aristotelian pershoform. Truth, on vіdmіnu vіd re-register, the first matter in this system is zayva. God creates the world from nothing, and only in the power of substance. The reality and truth of everything that exists is to lie as a step of endowing with yoga butts, which is the prerogative of God. The goodness of God expands throughout all creation. Otzhe, evil, nonsense cannot think of anything sleeping with the Creator; tse - the legacy of buttya people.
Nutrition pro universals Thomas Aquinas virishuvav approximately the same way, like Ibn Sina: universals are used before speeches from the Divine mind, then from specific speeches and after speeches - from the mind of a person.
Ask the nutritionist truth Homa Aquinas, having taken a vivacious position, knowing that faith and mind harmoniously sing. Truths of revelation can be as accessible to the mind as they are foldable for the new. Before the first, the thinker recognized such truth, as the foundation of God, before others - the trinity of God. The rest of the truth is important for the human mind. As soon as the truths of faith enter into the mind of the protiritch, then the people follow the curses of the Confessions, and not the philosophy. On the right, in the fact that knowledge is the area of obvious and brought truths. Vira w - the sphere of truths that are not obvious and unprovable.
The importance and effectiveness of the mind and rational adoption of the world by Thomas Aquinas confirmed the formulas of rational proving the foundation of God. Їх five.
First proof - cosmological. Thomas Aquinas insists (it's obvious) that everything in the world is in Russian. However, everything is collapsing with the help of others, tobto. guilty buti pershodvigun . Tse i є God.
Another proof is more causal , but causal. Homa Aquinas reiterates that everything is clear - there are consequences for the reasons. I have my own reason, I have my own reason, and so on. All causal-hereditary connections are vyshikovyvayutsya in dovgі, but not innumerable lances. Let everything converge and end in one, without any confusion pershoprinity. Tse i є God.
Third proof ontological. Thomas Aquinas insists that the world is made up of impersonal vipadkovy speeches, which could not be. Prote yakbi didn’t have anything, then at that moment everything would appear. Otherwise, it seems that there was no basis for the appearance of new speeches, there is not a single scarlet. Father, є insanely necessary essence. Tse i є God.
Fourth proof - docile, based on solidity, that everything can be on the met. Thomas Aquinas insists that everything is clearly straight forward to the point. The sound is manifested in polypshenni buttya: the flowers are crooked and turned to the light; the water drained away and died at the ditched skinny. Father, є sutnіst, scho cherue pragnennyam to the point. Tse i є God.
Fifth proof - for perfectionism. Khoma Aquinas is a firm believer that everything in the world, for equal thoroughness, goes through hierarchical harmony one to one. So you can watch what we can do
baiduzhih people - kind - good, but God is the best kindness. It is also possible to bachiti people who are indulgent - beautiful - even more beautiful, but God can only be the most beautiful. In such a rank, nayvischa thoroughness, the boundary standard is deserving of God.
It is impossible not to recognize that contribution, which Thomas Aquinas contributed to the doctrine of natural law, God's contributions to the hearts of people, and also about law. All goals are in the development of the ethical and social doctrine of Christianity. The first issue in this doctrine was the problem of the free will, the mind and divine grace. Having respected the thinker for the necessary knowledge of the will, and also spoke out against the quiet, who її zaperechuvav. Without such recognition, as if having respected Thomas Aquinas, you will fall into disrepute for your actions.
Thomas Akvinsky added great respect to the understanding of suspense-political nutrition, dedicating to them a special tvir "About the Rule of the Lord" ("De regimine principium"), in which, in the days before Aristotle, it was revealed about the people as a huge istotu, about the great blessing of being a sovereign, morally good as the middle between vicious extremes.
Thomas Aquinas structurized and at once put together the stoic concept of law, which developed in ancient Antiquity. The first variety of the right of wines, recognizing so called eternal right , yakraz at the stoiskiv bula every day. At the thought of the philosopher, it is the succession of the rules of the Divine curation of the world and practically zbіgaєtsya with these immutable ideas, like planting them in the divine mind, being themselves the name of the Creator.
Let's guard against that more private manifestation eternal law є natural law , like stoїki brought. In principle, it is familiar to all living things, but most noticeably in the life of people, yak, keruyuchis yog imminent provisions, doluchayutsya to the eternity of divine law. A manifestation of natural law, in addition to the thoughts of Fomi Akvinsky, the principle of justice, which punishes people to work those who are guilty of work and work in us. The head of every act is the creation of the Creator.
Concretization natural law є human right. The laws of human law, on the basis of the laws of natural law, are constantly changing. The human right is not worthy and rich in what to lie among people. Vono is subscribing to sacred people's right і civil law , what does a particular state have.
Homa Aquinas rozrіznyav five forms of sovereign rule In whom democracy is like that, like Aristotle, having respected "disgrace", from ottozhnyuyuchi її z tyranny. On this thought, more people, strangling the wealthy and noble, impose their will on them and they themselves become like a tyrant. The greatest natural form of state power, building the right laws, Homa Aquinas vvazhav monarchy. Obscuring dotsіlnіst monarіchіchnogo pravlіnnya, widely vikoristovuvavuva analogues. As God is only one in the whole world, as there is only one soul in the body, as the only one womb, and the ship is direct by the will of a single kerm, so the sovereign ship can function the best, as if there is a single ruler - the monarch. With this, the thinker acknowledged the right of piddanikh to knock down the head of state in the fall, if the rest encroach on the interests of the church. Otherwise, apparently, rights are rights, but the rulers of the world do not forget anything, what power can be between, showing them to the Roman Catholic Church.
In general, Thomas Aquinas formulated an unsuperior conceptual scheme of the spivvіdnoshennia of law and law in supplication, based on the Divine idea, inside one hundred essence in reasons. Yogo vchennya became the basis of the official ideology of the Catholic Church. The very same Thomas Aquinas buv of insurance to the face of saints and names five times Father of the Catholic Church.
The first contribution to the rosemary of daylight and reason was made by the Scot John Duns Scotus, who had studied at Oxford and the University of Paris.
Zrobivshi head category own philosophy buttya absolute, Duns Khudoba interprets as the sphere of action, as the subject of knowledge, and as the subject of faith. As a result of which wines, it is really possible to bring the butt of everything that exists to the functional staleness of the buttya-absolute. There is a real difference between the days and the reasons. It seems otherwise, according to the thought of Duns Scotus, it is potentially based on the essence. Therefore, as an accident in substance, it does not require a special act of establishing the appearance of God. It is a hundred rights and the law to go, as if the right was given by God to people, then the foundation of yoga within the framework of laws that are accepted by the state, no longer lie in the sight of the Creator himself.
With the development of the spivvіdnoshnja materії that form, Duns Scotus practically includes the meaning of the form for the foundation of matter, even though the first materіya is universal and the primary substance is the posture of the form, but to lie at the basis of everything that exists. Since, as law is the universal basis of everything that exists, then the form of law does not flow into law in any way. Remain in the right posture, regardless of the laws of the state.
Singing in the development of philosophical and legal glances in the period of Nadali, look at the Italian thinker Marsilius, named after the Ale of Paduansky. For many years he served as the rector of the University of Paris, having worked with Jean Zhandin and becoming a lover of yoga on the independence of the secular government from the religious point of view. Marsilius of Padua, having created the Tvir "Protector of the World", demonstrating the idea that it was different right as obov'yazkove established rule that morality, as not to be behind such a kind of force. In essence, having created the foundations of formulating the concept, as in modern philosophy, rights are called legal positivism The philosopher wrote, how to instill divine laws, how to express morality, how to show yourself only in potoybichcha. Law the powers - tse i є right, like the bulk of the people from the will of the state. Tsimi with the help of Marsiliy far ahead of his era.
Like Bachimo, without regard for the idealistic character of the current middle-class philosophy, he had a tendency to oppose the lines of Plato and Democrite. The truth is, most of the time it went into the logical understanding of that category. The middle school about the nature of the universals has significantly injected a further development of logic and epistemology, especially the introduction of such eminent philosophers of the New Hour, like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke.
The philanthropists of the Middle Ages, according to the promotion to the universals, can be mentally subdivided into realistic і nominalists. The realities were respected, that the universals are real, by powerful forces. All of their kind Platonist eidosi. The nominees respected that the universals were based on specific speeches, that is. less abstract concepts, names, what are the names of objects, phenomena.
Deyakі thinkers tried to know a productive compromise at the end of the hardest superechtsi at that hour. The stench took the position of a peaceful realism and a peaceful nominalism. W. Ockham (bl. 1285-1349) goes to the darkening of nominalists, who respects that the power of God is infinitely possible, that for Yomu's creation there is no need for intervening essences, for the kshtalt of universals. God to create speeches without intermediary that in be-yakіy kіlkostі. Universals are used only in seemingly abstract terms, which a person will require for the recognition of the revealed similarity between real speeches. At zv'azku z tsim, as W. Ockham thought, "it is not necessary to multiply the daily life over the necessary." This idea is interpreted as a rule that is called "Occam's razor".
Regardless of the theoretical framework of the epoch, in the period of scholasticism, phenomena were called, as they call middle-class free-thinking, which clearly manifested itself, for example, in problems of two truths. Zokrema, Pier Abelard (1079–1142) arguing for the independence of truths, obtained by a rational path, in the form of truths, omitted as a result of Odkrovennia. Sumniv, like vvazhav II. Abelard - tse exit point of any kind of knowledge. A dialectical mind can be placed under the summation of writing, even if in such a manner the blessings of the meta are repeated: more comprehension of the Confession. The philosopher is aware that the trinity of God can be perceived only rationally. Yogo vihіdne silannya "Razumіyu, schob viriti!" umovlyuvav firmament, scho mind, knowledge є the necessary basis of faith.
Schodo independent gіlka of the middle philosophic bula byzantine philosophy. Vaughn developed before the soul at the gatherings of Europe, near Byzantium, as if it woke up as an independent and even more powerful power for over a thousand years. One of the yaskravih is directly recognized by the Christian-Christian philosophy hesychasm.
Isychasm (from the Greek. hesychia- calmness, serenity, strangeness) - a mystical overshoot in Orthodoxy and philosophy, religious practice, the main meta as a way of reaching the attainment of the most complete unity of a person with God through the "cleansing of the heart itself" with tears and serendipity in communion.
Bulo rozrobleno system priomіv psihofizicheskogo self-control, maє deaku sovnіshnіshnіshnіshnіshnіs s yoga methods, and navіt practiced repetition of one tієї phrase kіlka thousand times pospіl. The Danish perebig was created by Egyptian and Sinai ascetics in the IV-VII centuries. As a religious-philosophical vchennya, it was broken up in superchuckles with representatives of theological rationalism Grigoriy Palamoy (1296-1359), who, zokrema, vvazhav, that hesychast, who consequently wins all orders, including "Favor's light". Tse those light, yak, zgіdno zі Holy Letter, christened Christ on Mount Tabor and yak not have anything sleepy with the "speech" light. God, as it seems, is unblemished, but as a result of innocent and purposeful preparation, a person can know the spiritual energy that comes out of the Bot, is poured throughout the whole world.
Isychasm played a great role in the Christian-Christian philosophy, and there were few successors of Russian theologians among them.
It can be said that middle-class philosophy has made a significant contribution to the development of epistemology, having developed it by clarifying the logically possible options for the rational, empirical and a priori rationale. At once, she was absolutizing the idealistic ear of the theologian. Postupovo philosophy became "tice" within the framework of scholasticism. Having given dogmatism to philosophers, they can freely develop their own ideas, as they were so necessary for the improvement of changes that occur in the economic, social, and spiritual spheres of life. All this led to a change in the mind from scholasticism and a turn of philosophy from the sutto logical problematics to the natural-scientific knowledge of the world of that people.
For example, tsіkavim, navit for modern philosophy, є "zgues" thinkers of that period about the suspіlne that sovereign ustriy, which allows you to ensure the harmony of the spіvіsnuvannya spіvіsnuvannya of people with nature, create the law in the past, which allows people to open up their ability to do it universally, without "shkodi" one for one. More than that, the philosophical views have appeared first, to inform the implementation of the components of the rozpovsyudzhennya of statements about the law and the right, as if they became the banners of a wide stake of the parishioners, to make them understand my mind, on the equal footing of the everyday beliefs and beliefs.
- Sokolov V.V. Middle philosophy. M., 1979. S. 6-9.
- Sokolov V.V. Middle philosophy. Z. 203-208.
- Sokolov V.V. Middle philosophy. S. 399.
- There.
- Sokolov V.V. Middle philosophy. S. 407.
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