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Serednyovichnascholasticska

1. Formation of scholastic thought

1.1 Formation of Western European theology after the "dark century"

theology scholasticism god philosophy

Scholasticism type Greek. "sholia" - school, school, vcheny - middle school. Some people call scholasticism "school philosophy". Scholasticism is the main religious and philosophical direction of the Catholic Church in the IX-XV centuries. In today's scholastic mind, everything is dead, alien to life, to real human needs. Ale in the IX-XIV centuries. Under scholasticism, the concrete practice of education in foreign universities and schools was brought to light, a price stage in the development of the spiritual culture of Europe, which came to change patristics. Vіn basing on the patristic literature, being at the same time its own specific cultural illumination. In the old Serednyovichchi under scholasticism, the singing method of philosophizing and theology began to be understood.

In the beginning, in the history of scholastics, they see several main periods:

VIII-IX Art. - its kind, preparatory period, the most vivid representations in the works of John Scot Eryugeni;

IX-XII Art. - a period of significant superstitions between Roman Catholic theologians about the role of faith and reason, expressions in the spirit of Anselm of Canterbury and Pier Abelard;

XIII Art. - "the gold of the century of scholasticism", as it ended with the creation of the official ceremony of the Roman Catholic Church with the pracies of Fomi Akvinsky;

14th century - the period of the crisis of scholasticism, supported by William of Ockham, whose works criticized Catholicism to the point of grounding the faith with the aid of reason, and the idea of ​​which became the core of reformist attitudes, expressed by John Wicklef and Jan Hus. William of Ockham himself, having recognized the following from the side of the church, and navіt bv ringing from the heretic.

Scholastic veneration, in practice, was a series of steps, raising students to the highest. At the monastic and church schools they taught these free mysteries. The remainder were divided into trivium in the number three and quadrivum in the number of chotiri.

Learn to master the trivium, tobto. Latin grammar, dialectic, rhetoric. Quadrіvіum, like a greater step, including arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy, it was clear that all disciplines were connected with the ecclesiastical aspect. On the approaching scabl, on the basis of the knowledge, the Scriptures more glibly wove.

From the monastic and episcopal schools, universities were established.

1.2 Viniknennya academies and universities

The First University was awarded 1088 r. in the Italian city of Bologna. Until the XI century. and the cob of this philosophy is brought in, as it is customary to call it scholastic.

The term "university" itself was not pointed at the center of education, but rather at the corporate association, or, speaking my daily, tse buv such a “syndicate” that protects the interests of the singing category of osib. Bologna and Paris are the first such corporations, which put two models of organization, other universities were oriented towards larger and smaller ones. Bologna - "universitas scolarum" (universitas scholarum), tobto. student corporation, which took away special privileges from Frederick I Barbarossa. At Paris, having surpassed the “universitas magistrarum et scolarum”, the corporation of masters and students was united. The Cathedral School of Notre Dame was designated as a special honor in the XII century, as it took its cover of students from the other countries of Europe. In the XIII-XV centuries. Europe is covered with a whole mesh of universities.

The need for them was passed on to us in front of the needs of that head of the church. Most of the universities directly spiraled on the support of the church authorities. The head meta of the university science was based on the vvchenni and the clouding of the Holy Letter and the Sacred Transmission, tobto. works of the Holy Fathers of the Church. The clouding of the sacred texts was the vinyatkoy prerogative of the church and the univer- sity scholars associated with it, in order to broaden the unillumined judgments about the Christian faith. Up to tlumachennya were allowed no lower than the master's degree.

Apparently, before the main task, most universities included two faculties - the faculty of free arts and the faculty of theology theology. The first step is a necessary preparatory step to another.

The faculty of theology of the mav on the method of exactly cultivating the Bible with a path and a systematic interpretation of the Christian doctrine. Under the bag tsієї robots were so called sumi theologii. The masters of theology were those who had previously studied at the faculty of free sciences. Opposite were the terms of teaching at the faculty of free sciences - six years, at the faculty of theology - no less than eight years. In such a rank, in order to become a master of theology, I had to spend at least fourteen years on the apprenticeship.

Vіm, vchennya could not but be hoarsely, the shards took an active part in discussions and disputes. Lectures were followed by seminars, students worked on self-sufficiency in taking away knowledge. Highly valued was the logical discipline of the mind, the critical thought, the acute penetration. Universities in such a rank celebrated a sprat of mutual leaders.

Nasampered, the stinks were preparing cadres for well trained and trained ideological defenders of Christianity. Well, they worked theological and philosophical products - treatises of various recognition, with a twisted and logical conclusion of the Christian doctrine

Crimia of direct results of the activities of the university, the development of universities called for a number of effects, which can be called side effects. However, the stench is of little great significance for the middle and offensive European culture.

First, the universities have taken the glaring out of the social proteges, but they had access to people of all statuses and classes. Before that, the students from the working families could pay for the material support for the entire period of training. Some of them have reached great heights, both in high society and in a social setting.

In another way, the students and professors of the universities built a corporation of people who were responsible for their adventures near their collection of special camps. Walking at the warehouse of the corporate corporation ceased to play that vital role, as it played with the middle-class household. Knowledge and intelligence came to the fore.

Universitetsky camp is not in vіdshchepleny vіd suspіlstva, but bv one of the yogo fundamental pillars. The knowledge of that culture, formed by the middle universities, played its role in the later history.

1.3 Scholasticism is like school theology how to understand theological analysis

The main leader of scholasticism believes in the fact that she sees herself as a science, placed at the service of theology, as a “servant of theology”. The crumbling principle of scholasticism: Credo, ut intelligam (I believe, to understand).

The vchennya of the church signifies, at which there is a trace of verity; scholasticism - why the subject is true. Needless to say, religious belief has become sensible to the natural mind; human knowledge can come from the year with religion: this is the time to establish the program of scholasticism.

In tsomu - vіdminnіst scholasticism in the form of theological development, which is ahead of it, and in the form of philosophical development, which follows it. Before and after scholasticism, the world and philosophy were divided, among scholastics, the docks were out of the hands of new forces, religion and philosophy were in the union. For the time being, the union of mitznia, trivaє rozkvit scholasticism. But if the union is attached, then the fall is upon us.

Starting around the 11th century, the middle universities became more interested in the problems of logic, since in that era the name of dialectics was small and the subject was working on concepts. The logical creations of Boetius, having commented on the Categories of Aristotle and having created a system of subtle distinctions and purpose to understand, with the help of such theologians, tried to comprehend the truth of faith, gave great infusion to the philosophers of the XI-XIV centuries.

The practice of rationalistic grounding of Christian dogma has led to the fact that dialectics has turned into one of the main philosophical disciplines, and the differentiation and finer differentiation to understand, the establishment of definitions and definitions, which took a lot of mind, and was inspired by bagatology. Zakhoplennya, in such a rank, with a mindful dialectic, knew its own expression in the disputes characteristic of middle-level universities, which sometimes went on for 10-12 years with a short break for obid. Tsі slovarіvannyа i poddnannya scholasticї vchennosti gave rise to opposition. Scholastic dialectic was opposed by various mystical currents, and in the 15th-16th centuries, the opposition took the form of humanistic secular cultures. Western European eriugena ontological

1.4 Diyalnist I.S. Eryugeni

"No one can go to heaven otherwise, lower through philosophy." The author of this Vistula letter is one of the representatives of the early stage of scholasticism, I.S. Eryugen. Ioann Scot Eriugena is the author of a treatise, which is being developed by the protyag of the middle ages “about the land of nature”.

I saw Eriugena at my navchan:

· Nature is uncreated, but to create everything (God is like an ear of light);

· Nature is created and everything is created (Logos, which is conceived, shvidshe, like a Platonic world of ideas, premises in the intellect of God; and not like Christ - a friend of the Trinity);

· Nature is created and not to create (light of single speeches);

· Nature is uncreated and not to create (God, like the final meta of all speeches - the completion of the world).

Vіn porushuє important nutrition about spivvіdnoshennia rozumu and authority. The authority of the saints, miracle workers is second to the mind: “We know that the mind is first for nature, the authority is for the hour ... The authority is born from the true mind, but the mind is never born from the authority. Aje, any authority that is not confirmed by true reason seems weak. Under the mind of the mind, here is the mind of God, which “does not require any kind of support from the side of authority”, and the authority itself is divine truth, “in the written form, it was transferred by the holy fathers to the setting of the patches.” It is not orthodox to think about God Yeriugen himself. God does not have hypostases: “There are no persons in God.” The only nature that does not divide, vіn "cannot be neither buti, nor osnuvati". If it seems to us that God, having created a mustache, is on the verge, that Vin is the essence of all speeches.

1.5 The problem of confirming the butt of God. ontological proof Anelma of Canterbury

Full scholasticism originates from Anselm, Bishop of Canterbury. The scholastic spirit of yoga philosophizing is manifested at first sight in pragmatically substantiating the truth with rational arguments. As before, the main principle of philosophizing was: "I believe, to understand" ("credo, ut intelligam"), then for Anselm - "Intelligence, to believe" ("itelligo, ut credam"). Tim himself pozilyuyutsya position of the mind at the expanse of the world.

Why did Anselm become famous as a scholastic?

· Hanging the ontological proof of God's butt.

Obscuring the need for blasphemy

The essence of the ontological proof of the butt of God: From the understanding of God, as a thorough understanding of the essence of the yogic reasoning, the understanding of the thorough understanding of the essence of the transmission of all the powers, including the validity of the reason. Yakby at the Completed Іtoti did not have enough, if only one of them (for example, a foundation), then she would not have found a perfect one.

Pleasure of God wine to bring to them, that only for the sake of it, wise a sinful person and can be redeemed. Aje a sinful fall, as a fault against God, as an inexcusable fault, as if you could not be simply forgiven, or punished by an official rank: forgiveness without punishment would be unfair, and a well-deserved punishment would make it worse; one would superimpose divine justice, otherwise divine creation would make sense. The only way out is to make amends, or to bring God's satisfaction: redemption is only possible through satisfaction. And yet this activity, which satisfies and repays our inexcusable fault, is guilty, in its honor, of inexcusable merit, and before this sin, people are not born; for the new without sin, the guilt is guilty of taking on itself suffering, equal sinful guilt: satisfaction can only be through the suffering of the intercessor. For whom only God can manifest humanity, for that only sinless sinless

It's been a long time since the 18th century, Kant asked for the ontological proof of Anselm of Canterbury.

In order to bring it to be, zokrema and buttya of God, it is necessary to lead the logic (dialectics) that develops among the practices of the advancing scholastics, in the midst of which the first place is rightfully laid down by P'er Abelard (1079-1142).

For Abelard, the knowledge of God can only be known through the knowledge of oneself. But God's work is unmistakable, but the divine trinity can be understood through the knowledge of all the peoples of the world, especially the Jews and the ancient Greeks.

2. Western European scholasticism and Arab culture

2.1 History china is a development of arab culture

Under the middle culture of the Arab Descent (V-XVI centuries) The culture of Arabia and the quiet lands, yak recognized Arabization, and in which the Arab nationality was formed, - Iran, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and other lands of Pivnichnoy Africa. In the past, the Arabs reproached their inflow to Volzka Bulgaria and the edge of Central Asia.

On the entire majestic territory of the caliphate, with the mighty power of which becoming Islam, the viniclan new culture reached an unprecedented growth in the IX-XI centuries. By calling out to the Qur'an shukati new knowledge that weaving nature behind for the manifestation of the signs of the Creator, inspired by the treasures of ancient Greek wisdom, the Muslims made a suspenstvo, as in the middle ages, the scientific center world.

As in Byzantium in Arabic, so it was at the Sunset that it was necessary to exalt or explain the dogmas of the world with the help of reason, for which they turned to very ancient philosophers. In philosophy, when it was especially dialectic, it developed into the so-called scholasticism, in which on the first plane it was not the light, but the formal side of thought. Scholasticism, in this rank, was established both in Byzantium, and in the Arabs, and even more so at Sunset, it reached the heights of its development. Until the end of the middle ages, the weather changed, and Western European culture outpaced cultures, even if they were older than them, but they recognized stagnation or bring on a new twilight.

2.2 Christianity and Islam

Naprikintsy XII - on the cob XIII in. Western European scholasticism takes a new impulse for its development. It was tied up with us in front of them, that in the period there is the widest knowledge of Europeans with the culture of the Arab gathering. The European world at this hour is constantly sticking with the Arabs - every hour crusades in Spain, yak was taken over by Arabi, and so on.

For Western European philosophy, culture from Arab culture played an important role. On the right, in the fact that in the Arab world the beliefs of ancient philosophers were very popular, and in the first line of Aristotle's beliefs. In the Arabic language, translating practically everything created, with which the Aristotelian creations were reportedly commented on by the Arab thinkers, the Arabic philosophers spiraled on the provisions of Aristotle in their teachings.

In Europe, Aristotle is far from familiar, moreover, the shards of Aristotle's ideas won rich Christian theologians, they were respected by heretics, the expansion of that veneration of Aristotelianism was officially defended

However, Aristotelianism is step by step becoming more and more widespread, especially in non-church schools. The Latin language is translated into the language of everything you do - a handful of Arabic, and then without a middle of the Greek language. And in the Catholic Church for an hour, the thought is being asserted that the system of proving the truth of Christian dogmas based on Aristotle becomes an insolent necessity, more neoplatonism, on which the father of the church spiraled, in the first black, Avrely inspired Augustine, do not let

The Arab-Greek philosophy is becoming a tієyu lanka, for the help of which the transfer of the European middle-class culture to the greater part of the decline of the ancient Greek science and philosophy was carried out. In the Muslim regions of Europe, in front of the Mauritanian Spain, Muslims, Jews, and Christians spoke. The pribіchniki of all three philosophies began to defend the dogma of their religion with ideas from Greek philosophy, which, of course, could not help but vplinut on Christian scholasticism. As with politics, so with philosophy, the Arab-Muslim thinkers did not start the revolution so much, as if they were separating themselves, for which they were right for a long time, and thoroughly admiring those who can do it well. And as a result of their contributions to science and philosophy, objectively rebuffing that historical upheaval in the light-gazing people, it was marked in Europe as the era of the formation of bourgeois philosophies. Zhittєradisny svetoglyad, scho crossed the Arabіv and ate a new Greek philosophy, preparing the materialism of the XVII-XVIII centuries.

2.3 Arabic Science Dumka

Caliphs from the first years of the new religion developed the creation of secular knowledge, the development of science, technology, and art alone with the help of Islam. The period of the expansion of Islamic culture is characterized by turbulent developments in all the galleries of science, accessible to the human mind of that era. In Muslim countries, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, historiography, linguistics, chemistry, pharmacology, mysticism and the mysticism of the word are developed. Mova and the alphabet of Arabs and Persians gave the world unforgettable memoirs of prose and poetry. It was an era when brilliant philosophical treatises were created and created in the gallery of the exact and human sciences.

One of the important features of the Muslim civilization - the rulers, fighting against innovations and pagans, did not prevent them from gaining knowledge, taking away from the books of Greek, Indian, Chinese authors.

Through the war of expanding Islam by the planet - from India to Spain - Muslims gained new knowledge. Persian and Indian scriptures played a great role in the scientific and linguistic deciphering of ancient Greek manuscripts. The knowledge of the clergy was even more important, the shards of stink did not serve the growth of the intellectual potential of the empire, but they also brought practical mischief in various blinds: from the monumental architecture of the city to medical services and transport.

Already in the early Middle Ages in Arabs there were rich folklore traditions, stinks valued a dream word, a beautiful phrase, in the distance they were porivnyannya, a direct order was sent to the river. In the skin tribe of Arabia, their own boos sing, that they praise their fellow tribesmen and tavruvav vorogivs. He sings in rhythmic prose, the rhythms were silent. In the first century, Islam became a court craft in places. The poets performed as literary scholars.

The first Arabic alphabet (Pivdenno-Arabic) is given up to 800 rubles. BC From that hour, the writing of my pivdno-Arabic mine developed without interruption right up to the VI century. not. The earliest inscription in the Arabic alphabet dates from 328 AD. Residual Arabic leaf folded in the VIII century. at the link with the establishments of the Arab caliphate and the development of the culture of the peoples, which have grown to the yogo warehouse. Pvnіchnі Arabi were written by my Aramaic, disputed Arabic. The Arabic leaf became the only type of leaf in the entire majestic territory of the caliphate. In all lands of Islam, the Arabic language played the same role of official literature, religion and literature as the Latin language in Western Europe.

At the court of Caliph Abu al-Abbas al-Mamun, for example, VII Art. in Baghdad, a special institution was founded, its own association of academies, observatories, libraries - Houses of Wisdom, in which the guilt of choosing scientists, as if they were led by different language, on the basis of the mathematician al-Khwarizm. In a stretch of two hundred years - from 750 to 950 rіk the Arabic language was transferred to the works of ancient authors from philosophy, mathematics, medicine, alchemy, astronomy. The practice of Euclid's geometry was also translated, from medicine - Galen and Hippocrates, and from pharmacopoeia - Dioscorides, from astronomy - Ptolemy.

Wide trade gave rich material for mathematical problems, far more expensively stimulated the development of astronomical and geographical knowledge, the development of crafts, having acquired the development of experimental science. Mathematics is new to this, it is capable of counting tasks, it takes the cob of gathering. In VII-X Art. guarding the burkhlivy development of natural and exact sciences among the peoples who were part of the Arab Caliphate. The centers of the Middle Arabic science were the places of Baghdad, Kufa, Basra, Charon. Under caliphs Harun ar-Rashid and Al-Mamun, science activities experienced a period of decline: there were astronomical observatories (in which guards were kept for the heavenly bodies), booths for scientific and translation work, and libraries. Until X Art. middle and second Muslim schools - madrasahs - appeared at the rich places. In some cases, the work of the readers was well paid. Boulevard navit spetsialnі more expensive for primary purposes.

2.4 Influx of ancient philosophy that science on Arabic culture

A skinned resident of the Caliphate - an Iranian and a Turk, a bagman of Andalusia and India - having slandered the literary Arabic language, because the undead volodinnya was obov'yazkovym not only for the clergy, but for the servicemen - officials, lawyers, lively. Modern unity made it easier to master illuminated by people ancient cultural recession, which became the beginning of the activity of translating the cultural baptisms of all the illumination of Muslims. The Middle Arabic culture was created by the rich peoples who inhabited the Caliphate and adopted the traditions of the over-the-top line in the ethnic style of the middle. The Arab began to write their own practical theology, and philosophy, regardless of how much the stink of the ethnic group lay.

The translation of the Arabic my ancient, Iranian and Indian texts was especially successful in the development of the Arabic philosophical thought, - the goal was one of the most productive in the history of mankind, trying to conquer someone else's philosophical decline. Translating Syrians, Greeks and Persians learned about Arabic with the works of Archimedes and Ptolemy, Hippocrates and Galen, Plato and Aristotle with mathematics, astronomy, medicine and philosophy, with Indian medical treatises and Persian historical and didactic creations. The work of translating philosophical practices in the Caliphate was carried out on a richer scale, lower in the middle Europe and was assigned to a richer audience of the Muslim "intelligence". On the vіdmіnu vіd perekladachiv, yakі practiced in Europe under kerіvnitstvom and the control of the christian clergy, the activity of the arabic translators was not dictated by religious purposes. The stench of us was shifted to create, they avenged practical knowledge. Navit pratsі z umglyadnyh objektіv, yak і shifted z practical mirkuvan. Thus, the superstition between different currents in Islam, between Islam and other variations stimulated the translation of the practice of philosophy and logic, which was accepted as a possible contribution to religious polemics.

Vindication of the Arab-Muslim philosophy to the greater world, lower development of natural and exact sciences, due to the conquest of the Greek recession. Chimalu played a role here and special contacts. For example, the Oleksandriya school, one of the most important foci of Greek philosophical thought and scientific knowledge in the era, which rebuffed the Arab conquests, continued its activity from the cob of the VIII century. in Antioch, in the other half of the 9th century, the philosopher Al-Farabi was enlightened. In the first century of Islam, the inhabitants of the native territories still absorbed the connection with the ancient tradition and were deprived of the bears of the Hellenistic culture and philosophical thought. The process of Arabization without destroying the offensive links with antiquity

Sprynyattya by the Arab ideas of the Greek philosophical recession went in folding ways. The Arabs began to get acquainted with the Greek philosophy and the practice of її pіznіkh commentators, as they wrote in their most important creations of the Hellenistic sages without a historical perspective, as a single completed system. That is why the Arab christians adopted the Greek philosophical recession as if they were one and the same. Aristotle seemed to him the pinnacle of the Greek philosophical thought, and the works of the Greek philosophers of the post-Aristotelian hour stank more than commentaries to the yogi works. Navit neoplatonics, which they knew best, they did not respect the original thinkers and looked at their philosophical system only in light Aristotelian infusion.

3. Super girl about universals

3.1 Realism and nominalism . Antiquity infuse the middle-class nominalism with the novelty of the nominalist thought. Evolution of nominalism and realism in extreme to dead forms

The scholastic philosophical thought was essentially based on two problems: on the one hand, on super-echo nominalism and realism, and on the other hand, on proving the foundation of God.

In the period of early scholasticism, the super-eye was blown up again, like a food: what really is the basis of universals? What is the problem, being main topic the philosophy of early scholasticism, which is not known in the period of scholasticism, but through the life of scholasticism to pass to the philosophy of the New Hour. The problem of universals is the roots of the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle. Aristotle, criticizing Plato's ideas about the idea of ​​being a special world, the reality of which was supposed to be invariably the unruliness of ideas that right cause all speeches, their dominances, that can be seen at once by their method. According to Aristotle, ideas are sensitively accepted by objects, which are the reasons for speeches, but lie in them. It is impossible that the ideas of the essence of the speeches were based on the reality of which the stench is.

At the middle of the world, food about universals does not come directly from the great philosophers of old, but from their commentators, from the teachings of Porfiry Plotina Remaining at the robot “Entering the categories of Aristotle” by putting food about the nature of the slopes of that species, about those who understand the stench in nature or only in the mind, in the intellect, in the mind; as it is true, then the stench of the body is the stench of the bodyless, the stench of the sky is sensitive to the speeches of the mind of them.

Porphyry did not respond to the nutrition of the Fighter in his comments at the link with the nutrition set by Porphyry, pіdіyshov to a new problem: what are the categories of Aristotle with the types of real speeches, or more with signs of mov? Under the infusion of stoicism, the wines shied to the point of visnovka, which stink with the signs of the language. Realism (from Lat. realis - real, action) attributing the reason to the less sleepy one. Vіn appeared in a number of concepts, in some of them it was possible to set the stage to the reality of the most difficult to understand that one of the lonely speeches. The extreme realities were touched upon by the Platonic exclamation about ideas; zagalne - tse ideї, yakі іsnuyut to single speeches (apte res) and poses for them. The pribіchniki of the darkened realism came out of the Aristotelian story about the curtain canopies, but with such a curtain it's really real in speeches (in rebus), but at the same time it's not behind them.

3. 2 Thomas Aquinas as a fading realist. The sum of theology is that system of proofs of the buttya of God. Spivvіdnoshennia rozumu ta vіri at the head of Homi Akvinsky

Forever mysticism was known, we will base it exclusively on reason. The transition to the greater level of education - the culmination of theology - meaning the panuvannya of the installation on the vіru. Zvіdsi vinikalo otstavlennja vіri ta rozum. Tse opposition, which does not reach, vtіm until vіdkidannya odnієї z yogo storіn, pass through all stages of scholastic thought. It is important for the mother in the eyes, that under the faith the faith was awakened to the authority of the Holy Letter and the Holy Fathers of the Church. Inevitably, faith in God and the needs of the faith did not give way to summation.

Establishing yet another aspect of the scholastic setting of reason and faith. Vіn buv іz the needs of the atrocities of the unviable, if the argumentation is necessary. Scholasticism was actually occupied with the development of such arguments. Tse meant bending proofs by means of the mind of the truth, which led to the belief, otherwise, less, not superb in relation to the fundamental principles of the mind.

One of the most prominent representatives of mature scholasticism was Thomas Aquinsky (1225/26 - 1274), a student of the famous middle class theologian, philosopher and naturalist Albert the Great (1193-1280). Like my teacher, Homa tried to obstruct the main ambush of Christianity, relying on Aristotle's teachings.

With all the rest, it was remade by him in such a rank, so that it did not supersede the dogmas of the creation of the world for nothing and the beliefs about the divine people of Jesus Christ. Like in Augustine and Boetziya, Fomi has the biggest ear of the same buttya. Pіd buttyam homa rozum

Knowing the self-sufficiency of the natural butt and the human mind, having confirmed that nature ends with grace, the mind with faith, philosophical knowledge and natural theology, based on the analogy of the existing, - at the supranatural epiphany.

Thomas Aquinas, having formulated five proofs of the foundation of God, uniting the first three stinks in the attack:

· Neruhomy Dvigun. Nothing is impossible to rozpochati ruh by itself, with which the necessary cob was roared. Ruhayuchis lanzug dzherel. we reach the point of pershopricini, as if you could be more like a god. Shchos robyv the first rush, and tsim we could only be a god.

· Unsubstantiated reason. Nothing is the reason. The cause is given to the skin effect, and I am again crumbling with a tongue of reasons. May be the first reason, її і be called God.

· CosmologicalBringing. Mav buti is such an hour, if there were no physical objects. Ale, the shards in the given hour stink, may be as if it were not a physical day that called out to them; tsya sutnіst i є god.

3. 3 Nominalism W. Ockham. "Occam's Razor" is a new principle of scientific knowledge. Spivvіdnoshennia "istin vіri" i "Truth to reason" in Occam's vcheni

W. Ockham (1280-1349) - Yaskravian representative of pizny scholasticism. Yogo im'ya associate us with the famous "Occam's razor". This is the name of the principle, which the thinker put forward: “Do not multiply the essentiality over the necessary”. This is the principle of protecting the mind. It seems to be new, following the uniqueness of complicated theoretical motives, as if passing the introduction great number weekend allowance. What can be explained as best as possible in a simple way, the very method should be considered correct, having found out everything that simplifies the explanation. So, V. Occam considers that two of the Aristotelian reasons are the reason that the other reason is the final (final) - for the most vipadkiv zaiv and nothing to add to the understanding of the manifestations. It is true to V. Occam, the ruh of objects of neobov'yazkovo will require an explanation for the help of Aristotle's love to God, who attracts the light to himself with the power of love, if it is possible that it is so out of the blue. It is more important to indicate the specific reason why the body was given. Occam calls to mind metaphysical claims. We can’t talk about trusting the fact and less the fact. On yoga thought, deputy feed: what is it? - Slid z'yasuvati on the back, like it's out there. Otherwise, apparently, the substantial understanding of the nature of speeches should be considered to be functional.

The development of scholasticism vinylized "the concept of two truths." The bottom line is that science and religion as a whole can be super-clear, but with that, the skin will be right. Їkhnі vyslovlyuvannya istinnі z rіznih areas, nezalezhnіh obtіvіv, іt іn't super chlivi. Zarechennya against the "concept of two truths" formulated Khoma Akvinsky. Vіn not having robbed the theologian of the fallow type of philosophy and not "letting philosophy free" in order to preserve control over it. Science and religion, according to Aquinas, may have different methods, but not the same different things. And the stronghold of religion, how to bring such a natural mind of weakness to them (inner, Sunday, Trinity), but the stench is not irrational, the stench is supersensible, otherwise you can be guilty (buttya of God) - not to the one who hurts the religious faith so much, but to the one who you will become closer to people. To the thought of F. Akvinsky, philosophy = the supporter of the faith.

Ockham, as a representative of piznyo scholasticism, versed the problem of universals on the scale of extreme nominalism. As if the universals do not originate in the divine mind, the basis of speculative metaphysics is underpinned and becomes an impossible stagnation in theology. In this order, I will open up the links between theologians and philosophy. Theology, according to Occam, can focus on the Holy Letter, but not on philosophy. The power supply is true to the mind, later, guilty of violating the scheme of the total demarcation of their regions.

List of victorious literature

1. Anthology of light philosophy.

2. Introduction to philosophy: A guide for universities. About 2 year. Part 1 / Zag. ed. I.T. Frolova. - M.: Politvidav, 1989

3. Gubin V.D. Philosophy: Elementary course: Heading guide. - M: Gardariki, 2003.

4. History of philosophy. Handyman for the great initial mortgages. Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix", 2001.

5. Shapovalov V.F. "Fundamentals of Philosophy. From Classics to Modernity”: Navch. help for universities. - M: FAIR-PRES, 1999

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Scholasticism in philosophy is directly scientific thought, peoples on the stylistics of logic and theology. Philosophers-scholastics, victoriously logically accept, began to analyze and comprehend the Divine principle, which they knew, of everything that exists.

Today, scholastics are used to call super girls in an empty space without a sense of judgment about those that are impossible to believe, pointless roaming. The words "scholastic, scholasticism" can be used as a negative characteristic of a person, or a manifestation that one sees.

Ale, first, such a judgment is incorrectly rooted and lower, we understand what the people of this philosophic direct have taught people.And in a different way, don’t worry about it. Already in Western Europe IX-XII century scientific discipline small is the great influx on the development of a supple self-reliance, the formation of harmony to the mind and faith.

Negatively zabarvlennya tsya filosofskoy thoughts otrimala after over a thousand years of its formation that development - in the nineteenth century. The Epoch of Enlightenment - the hour of the denunciation of the Divine, the mass entry of religion into the bik scientific thought, which is actively developing, simply brought scholasticism out of the minds of contemporary people.

Who was the first to ponder over the logic of faith?

Apparently, Plato (428-348 e.) and Aristotle (384-322 e.).

The philosopher Proclus (412-485), who is alive in the Byzantine Empire in the 5th century A.D., was busy with theology and mysticism. Prokl having left the Athens Platonivska Academy, being equalized by a young man - not having reached 40 years.

The social processes that took place on the ruins of the Great Roman Empire directly marked the development of the philosopher's scientific thought. The Byzantine Empire was a theocratic power. The supreme power belonged to the Christian churches, the pagan cults - deafened Jessica and were re-examined. It was important that a person with his mind is not able to comprehend all the depths of God's providence, he cannot tease good from evil. Kozhen buv goiter trust the church and believe in God, without thinking and not rozmirkovuyuchi.

To the drunken mind of the philosopher and educator Proclus, the variant of "sleep faith" did not pass. Vіn and yogo followers vvozdal bluesirskim forcibly savage to the Christian faith, the decline of cult objects, as if they were historical decay. After the public vikonana in 18 volumes and the work “Forbidden against the Christians”, which has not reached our days, the certifier of the Platonist Academy will inspire turmoil at every hour of the flight from Athens.

The main principles for the scholastic *directly in the old philosophy* are the works of Proclus "The Fundamentals of Theology" and "Plato's Theology", dedicated to the analysis and analysis of the greater cobs of all things.

How and where did scholasticism develop?

Having gone through the turns, let's take a look *briefly* at the main milestones of the development of the scholastic thought.
On the cob of the II millennium, a system of school education appeared in Europe. Universities began to develop. Already in 1088, the first university was created in the Italian city of Bologna. At the same time, the terms are similar to the first ones, and the boules were organized in most of the great cities of Europe. The stench was molded for a single eye, from 3 faculties: medical, legal and theological. At the theological faculties, they themselves stumbled to know God, learned the logical aspects of the theory of theology.

To this, the most important thing is the importance of the scholastic philosophic thought, as a school, primary philosophy (Latin scholia “instructions”, “school”). Tsey directly does not varto vvazhat philosophy for teapots. Those who successfully mastered Latin and Holy Letters, attained success in learning arithmetic and grammar, astronomy, logic and music, could enter the theological faculty, yak bula obov'yazkovoy discipline in secondary schools.

The main goals of school philosophy at that time were the ability to logically comprehend, to develop an accessible understanding of faith, to bring Christian thinkers to the system of church practice and practice.

In simple words philosophy for that hour is an instrument for knowing God. Nutrition, rozvyazuvannya scholasticism of the cob period, was considered important in the formalization of the faith - the distribution "on the books" of the obvious knowledge of the spiritual essence.

However, the scholastics of that hour no longer had a single thought about how to understand a number of fundamental philosophical nutrition, how to understand the interplay of such speeches. This is how the currents appeared: realism, nominalism and conceptualism. At the very same time, the super river and the podіl vchennya on the kіlka gіlok were created the most large-scale encyclopedic practices of philosophical and theological zmіstu - sumi.

In the XIII century, the development of scholastic philosophy began, which continued until the XV century. At what stage did the scholastics ask themselves for the nourishment of immortality, that vitality of the soul. On the first plan came the nourishment of the will of the specialty of the Divine Providence. During this period, the practice of philosophers-scholastics begins to accumulate some kind of law-making problem. Mutually, people and God are looked at as a collection of singing rights and obov'yazkiv. There are such flows as voluntarism and intellectualism.

The crisis and the emergence of scholastic philosophy until the 18th century were mindful of the needs of society, which changed. Natural sciences developed actively. The people began to learn more and more about the new way of knowing, to be dumber on the mist, to renew and renew the understanding of the most correct interpretation of the Holy Letter. Respect for society flared up from the knowledge of the inner evil to the death of the outer, de scholasticity knew.

Tsikavo, that the whole epoch of Renaissance (XVI-XVII) won out of official philosophy, which is taught in most European universities. Shkіlna philosophy, which has lost its relevance, continued for centuries to develop for inertia, which residually discredited this philosophical direction directly from the world of science.

More cіkavіshe, scho, regardless of all persecution, the names of wealthy scholastics are often guessed at the robots of modern deacons. These robots spin and may drink at the scientific center. Know the names of Albert the Great (1206–1280), Bonaventure (1218–1274), Khoma Akvinsky (1225–1274), John Duns Scotus (1265–1308), William of Ockham (1285–1322), Jean Buridan (1295–1358) that in.

Did scholasticism bring melancholy to Yak?

Three reasons to "respect" this theological philosophy:

1. It is important that scholasticism itself taught people to think logically. Tsey straight philosophical thoughts, looming God, like the subject of a wedding, could not in a moment jump into the development of the natural sciences. Trying, however, to comprehend the spіvvіdnoshnja hudskoї ї voshchoї spiritualії sushchestvі, її zmushenі bіrishuvati vіrіshuvat folded richly component logical tasks, іїї ії аѕ аѕ a rank arose today's mathematical logic.
2. Vocabulary and conceptual apparatus, created by the philosophers of this directly, are widely celebrated in science until the present hour.
3. On the basis of the formalisms created by theological philosophy and the methods of thought adopted by it, modern philosophical currents developed. It can be said that scholasticism is the colossus of modern philosophy.

In this article, everything is briefly and sensibly described in the most important way that we need to know today about this important philosophical concept. We did not get lost in the folds of the razuminnya of the flow of the theological and philosophical thoughts, forming a complex statement about science.

With respect, Andriy Puchkov

SCHOLOSTICS(lat. scholastica in Greek σχολαστικός - shkіlniy) - a type of religious philosophy, which is characterized by the principle of ordering the primacy of theological belief, according to the dogmatic problems of rethinking, we distinguish it with a rationalistic pre-logic method; taking away the most recent development in Western Europe in the era of the mature and early Middle Ages.

OF THE GENESIS OF SCHOLOSTICS AND PERIODIZATION ЇЇ THE DEVELOPMENT. The coils of scholasticism oppose the ancient philosophy of antiquity, leading up to the Neoplatonist 5 tbsp. Proclus (installation on the selection of all the sources of authoritative texts, like Plato’s creations for Proclus, and the sacred texts of ancient paganism; encyclopedic summation of the most bizarrely sensible problems; the development of data of mystical wisdom). Christian patristics is approaching scholasticism in the world to complete the work over the dogmatic ambushes of church doctrine ( Leonty Byzantine , John of Damascus ). Of particular importance is a small robot Fighting how to transfer the Greek culture and logical reflection to the Latin tradition; respect, razblene in the course of commenting on one logical practice (In Porph. Isagog., MPL 64, col. 82–86) universals ) only internal reality, otherwise the stink of ontological status, gave rise to a trival of centuries and a constitutive discussion for scholasticism about this food. Tі, hto bachiv in the universals of reality (realia), were called realists; tі, who, having taken from them a simple designation (nomen, lit. "im'ya") for abstraction, what happens to human society, were called nominalists. We clean the mizh realism i clean nominalism like two polar possibilities, the roaming space for the calmer and more complicated options was overwhelmed.

Early scholasticism (9th–12th century) has its own socio-cultural background of the monastery and monastic schools. Vaughn is popular with dramatic super girls about the field of TV sound. dialectics (tobto methodical mirkuvan) in searches of spiritual truth. Extreme positions of rationalism ( Berengar of Turkey ) and fideism ( Petro Damian ) could not be constructive for scholasticism; the middle way of proponing with the formula of the visionary before Augustine Anselm of Canterbury "credo, ut intelligam" ("I believe, to understand" - to be on the lookout, that the faith is the first, like a prisoner of the right points, that they follow the future of the wise). Dumkovі іnіtіativi zukhvalny innovator Abelard and other theologians 12 st. ( Chartres school , Saint-Victorian School ) adopted the development of the scholastic method and prepared the transition to the offensive doby.

The high school of scholasticism (13th - post 14th century) develops in the context of the university system, which is rooted throughout Europe; ashes to serve an active part in the rozum life of the so-called. the same marriages of orders - dominikantsiv and franciscans, as they stand among themselves. The most important intellectual stimulus is familiarity with the texts of Aristotle, as well as those of Arabic and European commentators. However, the attempt to introduce into the general schools those Aristotelian and Averroist theses, as if they were inconsistent with the basics of the Christian faith, are judged (vipadok) Sir of Brabant ). Panivny straight, as if looking at us in front of creativity Fomi Akvinsky pragne to a non-comparable synthesis of vіri and knowledge, to a system of ієrarchical rivnіv, within the framework of such religious dogma and religious-philosophical arbitrariness, it could be added to the social-theoretical and natural-scientific reflection, which is based on the Aryanist; it is necessary to know the soil within the framework of the Dominican order, at the first moment there is a protest from the side of the conservatives (condemned by a number of theses by the Bishop of Paris in 1277, for which they sent similar acts in Oxford), and then more and more often and even for a hundred years, it is accepted as a normative option. However, authoritarian pluralism, tasks parallel to the spiving of the mature Middle Orders in Catholicism, creates the possibility for the development of us in front of the middle of the Franciscan order of an alternative type of scholasticism, represented by mystical metaphysics oriented to Augustinian Platonism Bonaventury , transferring the emphasis from the intellect to the will and from the abstract to the single (haecceitas, “axis-tse”) in John Dunsa Scott etc.

The life of scholasticism (14–15th century) is rich in crisis, but the era is by no means a free one. From one side, the Dominicans and the Franciscans rework the creative men of Fomi Aquinas and Duns Scotus in the conservation of the system of Tomism and Scotism; from the other side, voices lull, as if calling out to go from the metaphysical mind to the empirical twist of nature, as if trying to harmonize the faith and reason - to the sharply sharp development of the task and the other. A special role is played by British thinkers, who are opposed to the speculative system-creativity of continental high scholasticism: R. Bacon calls to the development of specific knowledge, W. Ockham propagates a supra-radical development of bestial tendencies in the extreme nominalism and theoretically denounces the empire against the papacy. Warto denounce the proto-capitalist revision of the scholastic concept of “fair price” by the German okkamist Gabriel Biel (circa 1420–95). Singing aspects of the Rozum’s recession during this period, revisiting that criticism of the many scholasticism’s substantiations, were gradually acquired by the Reformation.

SCHOLASTIC METHOD. Subordinating thought to the authority of dogma - for the leading formula, which should go down to Peter Damian (De divina omnipotentia, 5, 621, MPL, t. 145, col. 603), philosophie ancilla theologiae, "philosophy is the servant of theologian", - philosophy is the servant of the theologian with other types of legal-church-religious thought; Specifically for scholasticism, those that the very nature of the blue between dogma and reason thought, with impeccable authoritarianism, incredibly sensible and oriented to the imperative of internal and external systemicity. Like the Holy Letter and the Holy Transmission, so the decay of ancient philosophy, which was actively transformed by scholasticism, entered into it as a grandiose normative overtext. It was said that there could be two equal knowledge - supernatural knowledge that is given in God's Enlightenment, and natural knowledge, like knowing the human mind; the norm of the first is to avenge the texts of the Bible, which are accompanied by authoritative commentaries of the Fathers of the Church, the norm of the other - the texts of Plato and especially Aristotle, honed by authoritative commentaries of ancient and Arabic philosophers (characteristically wider in mature scholasticism, Aristotle’s recognition as praecursor Christi in naturalibus, i.e. succumb to natural speeches"). Potentially, in these and other texts, the fullness of the truth is already given; in order to actualize it, it is necessary to vitlumachize the text itself (the genre of lectio, lit. “reading”, which is typical for scholastic discourse, swears at the observance of the clouding of the reversed place from the Bible, or, better, like authority, for example, Aristotle), then bring the whole system from the texts logical successions for the help of an uninterrupted lansyug correctly prompted visnovkivs (a similar genre characteristic of scholasticism sumi - pіdsumkovogo encyclopedic create, rethink what kind of genre of maxims). The ideas of scholasticism are clearly depleted of the epistemology of ancient idealism, which is a reference subject of knowledge and more ignorant (porivn. Platonic theory ideas and thesis of Aristotle: “be it a purpose and every science can be right behind the wild”, Met. XI, p. 1, adv. 1059b25, prov. O.V. Kubitsky); vono postiyno go along the path of deduction and may not know induction, its main forms are definition, logical division and, nareshti, syllogism, what to bring to the okreme. In this time, all scholasticism is philosophizing in the forms of interpretation of the text. For whom I represent the contrast as a new European science with її pragnennym to discover the unknown truth through the analysis of evidence, and mysticism from її pragnennym pochity istina in an ecstatic look.

Paradoxical, albeit logical additions to the orientation of scholasticism on an authoritative text are not supported by the confessional and religious motivations of the authorities of “natural” knowledge; order with the ancient pagans, like Plato, Aristotle or the astronomer Ptolemy, and thinkers of Islamic culture, like Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) the canons of mature scholasticism included, for example, a Spanish Jew Ibn Gebirol (11th century), yak Avitsebronn (because the Christian scholastics, who quoted yoga, remembered that they were not a Christian, but forgot about the incompetence of the information about yoga, national and religious affiliation, they were only literalists). For whom it is respectful that the so-called. double truth theory (one of the one herself is the same for the filament for fіlosofiyi for Viri), the yak ryshuchas, he is an arbitrarily, e. Aristotle and Averroes, who supersede them, were also adopted by the very same authority. Farther, scholasticism would not be a creative period in the history of the thought, yakby won’t know in these authoritative texts ready-made tips, but not nutrition, not intellectual difficulties that provoke a new robot to the mind; the very impossibility of succumbing to food for the help of one more than relying on authority, which is the grounded possibility of scholasticism, became the subject of thematization. "Auctoritas cereum habet nasum, id est in diversum potest flecti sensum" ("Authority has no wax, so that yoga can be turned this way and that way"), denotingly sings and a scholastic Alan Lilsky , Rosum. 1202 ( Alanus de Insulis. De Fide Cath. I, 30, MPL, t. 210, 333 A). Thomas Aquinas specifically opposes the establishment of the mind on a passive-doxographic setting to authorities: “Philosophy is not concerned with picking up the thoughts of different people, but with them, how to do it right” (In librum de caelo I, 22). The thinker of scholasticism, acquiring a glance at especially complex hermeneutic problems; Let us especially emphasize the verbal slur between authoritative texts, not without reason accentuated in Abelard’s title “So and ni” (Sic et non). The scholastic mav mіti razіbratisya in such incidents, operating on the categories of semantics (the rich meaning of the word), semiotics (symbolic and situational-contextual meanings, attaching the form of theological discourse to the current sound of hearing chi chitacha toshcho); theoretically formulated to feed the authenticity of the work and criticism of the text, wanting similar philological problems in the service of theology as a whole to become atypical for the Middle Ages and become more characteristic of the conquest of new European culture.

Injecting scholasticism into modern culture was all-season. We can understand the scholastic technique of dismemberment in sermons and lives (even more clearly - in the "Golden Legend" by Yakov Voroginsky), scholastic acceptance of work in a word - in Latin poetry in the form of hymnography to songs of vaganties and other verbal worlds ); scholastic allegoresis is vividly seen in the practice of figurative arts.

Орієнтація на жорстко фіксовані правила мислення, строга формалізація античної спадщини допомогла схоластиці здійснити своє «шкільне» завдання – пронести крізь етнічні, релігійні та цивілізаційні зміни середньовіччя спадкоємність заповіданих античністю інтелектуальних навичок, необхідний понятійно. Without the participation of scholastics, everything distant development European philosophy and logic would have been impossible; Night to the Mislitelly Early New Office, they attacked the scholasticism, and until the e -Ovyvytnitvva of the Imetsk Classic Idealizm Konno Niyak could not be obstructed without a widespread bristan with a scholastic lexicist (weighing the praise in the ntelectic motive of the zela so -so. Sverdzhuyuschie myslennya in arrogant understanding, scholasticism arrogantly - not respecting the lowly important blames - equally little took the development of relish to a concrete conclusion, important for the natural sciences, then this structure turned out to be extremely accommodating for the development of logical reflection; The reach of the scholastics at this galuzy is passed on to the current formulation of rich food, the problem of mathematical logic.

The humanities of the Renaissance, theologians of the Reformation, and especially the philosophers of the Enlightenment, in the historically reasoned struggle against the civilized paradigms of the Middle Ages, worked hard to turn the very word "scholasticism" into a laika, a synonym for an empty rosy grey. However, the development of historical and cultural reflection did not bother to establish the majestic legacy of the philosophy of the early New Age in the form of scholastic recession, the onset of contrasting epochs. Dosit, scho hanging Rousseau and a kind of playing the flooring is obviously a revolutionary role concept "community agreement" peregukuetsya z conceptual apparatus of scholasticism. By a paradoxical rank, the romantic-restoration cult of the Serednyovichchya, which detracted from the negative assessment of scholasticism, stood far from the rich spirit, lower criticism of scholasticism in the era of Enlightenment (for example, J. de Maistre , 1753-1821, an apologist for the monarchy and Catholicism, ironically speaking about the drive of power to the occult humanism of the abstraction of "people in the fire", the posture of nations and races, with one hand throwing at the same time with the ideology of French revolutionary-catholicism the whole tradition of life ).

In the closed world of Catholic primal mortgages, scholasticism took a lot of time to save the periphery, but not to start an unproductive foundation. In the midst of manifesting the late scholasticism of the early New Hour, the next to designate the creativity of the Spanish student F. Suarez (1548–1617), as well as the Orthodox variant of scholasticism, which was planted in Kiev by Metropolitan Peter Mohyla (1597–1647) and the stars spread their swell on Moscow.

The interest of Catholic teachings before scholasticism stimulated after the development of the tradition of the Enlightenment, in the context of the romantic and post-romantic historicism of the 19th century, historical-philosophical studios, publication of texts; project of modernizing restoration of scholasticism at the sight neoscholastics , yak gave bіdpovіdі on suchаsnі nіtnіnі, dіvіvsіvsya, and in 1879 bіv pіdtrimanіy papal authority (Leo XIII's encyclical “Aeterni Patris”, which orients the Catholic thought on the congression of Fomi Aquinas – div. Neotomism ). A strong incentive for this project appeared in the 20th century. the situation of opposition to totalitarian ideologies - national socialism and communism; This opposition created the need for an appeal to the ideal of “eternal philosophy” (philosophia perennis), as well as for the synthesis between the principle of authority, building up the authoritarianism of totalitarianism, and the principle of specialness, which is opposed to totalitarianism, of the principles of humanistic conciliation. Same 1st half and middle of the 20th century. - an hour, if the fall of scholasticism could be given to authoritative thinkers (J. Marechal, 1878-1944; J.Mariten , E. Zhilson that іn) treasury of methods for solving day-to-day problems (porіvn., e.g., Maritain J. Scholasticism and Politics, 1940). In “pistle-born” Catholicism (following the Other Vatican Council of 1962-65), neoscholasticism does not know how to be possible, but between and її identities, like signs of її presence in contemporary culture, the Daedals obviously cease to be intelligible.

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S.S.Averintsiv

Middle philosophy

Main characteristic middle-class philosophy of Western Europe є interrelation of religion and philosophy. The middle philosophy was Christian for its own intentions (goals) and developed importantly by clerics (clergymen). The Christian picture of the world, the new manifestations of God, the people, that causality, were thrown into the middle thought and set the main theme. It does not mean that in the Middle Ages the thought was dogmatically unified (single similar). The presence of various philosophical directions, a superstition between them, discussing them with church authorities, it is clear that the thought was collapsing along the paths culturally set by Christianity and the independent views of the church.

It is important to divide the middle philosophy into two great stages: patristics (close to II - VIII centuries) and scholasticism (VIII - XV centuries).

Irrespective of those who during the first period the development of middle-class philosophy - patristics - Chronologically evolves from the era of antiquity, for its themes of wines, it is no longer referred to ancient, but to middle culture. The need for separation from the ancient tradition, the exaltation of the christian vchennya in paganism, the recognition of it with the help of the ancient thought, to set the pathos of philosophizing for this hour. The Fathers of the Church, whose creators began to take in the conceptual basis of the Christian faith, dealt with the problem of the spiving of Christianity and ancient philosophical decay, victorious as the language of the Neoplatonists. Remaining called to the point where in Christian Church stink pomitili ta brought to the fore such ideas, like a dogma about the Trinity, a vchennya about the primacy of the soul over the body and the spiritual over the creature.

The most significant and most prominent representative of the Christian philosophy of the epoch of patristics Augustine Aurelius (354-430 A.D.). Created by Neo-Platonism is one of the main roots of the middle-class thought. In addition, Yogo thinks about dosvіd, svіdomіst і hour vzhe pіdhodі, scho rich in what set the theme of philosophizing of the New hour and that succesfulness.

Augustine pronounces a decision that is significant for all middle-class traditions, about the knowledge of the spirit of the world: in a man of the world you can develop your own knowledge of the spirit, knowledge of the faith. Search for reconsiderations to bring Augustine to reconciliation, which knowledge is grounded internal self-certification of information. In searches of knowledge, follow the names. Having sunk into oneself, a person knows the over-individual and hourly truths (for example, the idea of ​​unity, statements about equanimity, the principles of logic), and divine viprominuvannya (illumination).

Philosophy of the era of scholasticism

Scholasticism (Vid lat. school- school) wins as a rationalization of the Christian faith. The meta-scholasticism is to streamline dogma and make it easy for people to accept “plain people” (non-literate people). Philosophy was recognized as the main way of ordering Christian dogma for such reasons:

With the help of the mind, it is easier to break the truth of faith;

Vikoristovuyuchi philosophic arguments, criticism of the holy truths can be ignored;

For the help of philosophy, one can give the religious truths a systematic form and create a complete demonstrative system of philosophical belief.

The antique dzherela of scholastic thought is the same neoplatonic tradition, Augustine, Boetius. At the end of the first I, “translations” became normative, I re-read the works of Aristotle.

Early scholasticism is connected with the awakened interest to knowledge. Myslennya at that hour was characterized by greater self-sufficiency in the setting of meals.

Among the main problems of early scholasticism were the following:

Vіdnosini vіri that knowledge;

The problem of universals;

Pogodzhennya Aristotelian logic and other forms of knowledge;

Pogodzhennya mysticism and religious dosvidu.

The greatest thinker of early scholasticism. Anselm , archbishop Canterbury (1033-1109). Zgidno with Anselm, right mind you can’t super-read it. Truths lie against the natural mind. Prote Vera is guilty of blowing the mind. Anselm needs an ontological proof buttya of God.

Interest to robit Boetsiya yelling superb universals. What do you see as a blatant vision, so you can see the canopies, the reality itself stink is less likely to be discovered by the mind? Tsya superechka led to the expansion of the scholastic method and became the main theme of philosophizing for a century. At the discussion, it was hung with a zreshtoy look at three:

extreme realism, some kind of sverdzhuvav (continuing the Platonic line of philosophizing by himself), that the universals, so you can see the canopy, go to speeches, like the real essence;

extreme nominalism(Vid lat. nomen- ім'я), like a napolyag (shіd to the stoic tradition), scho canopy and follow the speeches, like zagalnі іnam;

dead realism, which is based on the Aristotelian tradition - you can see the canopies of that in the speeches themselves.

Rozkvit of scholasticism (XIII century) of ties to the universities of universities. The creation of that development of these great initial mortgages, the foundation of the qualifications of vikladachis, zoomed in on the appearance of great systematic creations.

The image of high scholasticism is a form of reception (rearrangement and attachment) of Aristotle's practice, which became the beginning of a new familiarity with yoga texts from translations in Arabic, and then without intermediary in Greek. Practices of Aristotle at once with Arabic works about the philosopher himself, as well as comments to yoga prats enter the university post. The Arabic Neo-Platonic reception of Aristotle himself and the Neo-Platonist positions of the works, attributed to Aristotle, led to the pantheistic adoption of the scientist. Church authorities spoke out against such a rhetoric of Aristotle, right up to the fence reading that commentary on yoga practice. But without the founder of the new knowledge of Aristotle, the thinker would have to live already. In this rank, the development of high scholasticism is designated as a "super little about Aristotle." Members of Catholic orders stood against each other Franciscans, oriented to Augustism, that dominicans Aristotelian directness. Krіm tsgogo, in the scholastic tradition, traced the development of the neoplatonic, natural and logical directions.

Bringing together Aristotelianism, Neoplatonism and serpen became the basis of the great taxonomist of the Middle Ages Fomi Akvinsky (1225-1274), who, having adopted the infusional test of ordering the link between Aristotelianism and Christian philosophy.

Homa gave his opinion on food about the spivvіdnoshnja vіri and rozuma. Faith and reason cannot super-read one to one, the shards of those and else resemble the form of God. Theology (theology) and philosophy cannot be developed by different universities. The stench, however, is reminiscent of approaches: philosophy goes up to God in the form of created speeches, theology in the way of God up to the created world. Confessions of God help people to lose those truths, which are necessary for their salvation. Henceforth, there is space left for independent follow-up of speeches, as they are explained by confessions. Tse expanse and master philosophy, safe and secure the foundations of faith.

Main idea tomist(Vid lat. Thomas- Homa) ontologyє new the order of the whole butt. God gave to the skin being a yogo camp that was assigned to yogo metu in the order of buttya. To the created power, the difference between buttya and daily life is powerful. Less God's yogo buttya zbіgaєtsya z yogo day.

Epoch scholasticism can be described as the epoch of the fall of the middle-class philosophizing. Nominalism criticized the metaphysical systems of the old schools, but did not give new ideas. The old schools of superstitions about the nature of wild people hijacked the position of darkened realism. The stench was represented as a famous tomist (followers of the vchennya of Fomi Akvinsky), and as a school Johanna Dunsa Scott (bl. 1266-1308). Nominalism dіyshov іdеї znyattya synthesis vіri ta znannya. English philosopher and church-political writer William Ockham (Bl. 1285-1349) having made an excuse that the subject of real sciences is not the speeches themselves, but the terms of propositions as representatives of speeches.

The development of nominalism is accompanied by the development of natural science, especially in Paris and Oxford. In addition, it should be noted that the development of scholasticism is not attached to anything. I don't care about those new European scholasticism more and more of the world was embracing the continuity of tradition, it continued to expand throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in Spain and Italy, as a reaction to the Reformation and the Renaissance. In the nineteenth century vinikaє so called neoscholasticism.

Abstract on the topic:

"Middle scholasticism and її problems"

Vikonav student of the 1st course of FBI: Klimenok M.A.

Reviewing the speaker: Vasilyeva I.L.

Minsk 2001.

List of victorious literature:

1. Introduction to philosophy: Assistant for universities About 2h. Part 1

/ Zag. ed. I. T. Frolova. - M.: Politvidav, 1989. Stor. 118 - 125

2. Shapovalov St F."Fundamentals of Philosophy. From Classics to Modernity”: Navch. help for universities. - M.: FAIR-PRES, 1999. Stor. 164 - 169

Zagal characteristic of scholasticism

The specifics of the middle scholasticism

Vira ta Rosum – The paradigm of scholastic philosophy

Scholasticism and "Christian conquest of the world"

Hour, people, thoughts

Thomas Akvinsky - Systematizer of the middle scholasticism

Zagal characteristic of scholasticism

Serednyovіchna zahіdna tsivіlіzаtsіya - majestic spiritual and cultural world for the wealth of wealth and forms, marked by unique achievements and scho to the hourly range of a century. The richness of the culture of the middle class Sunset does not lead to the works of scholastic theology. However, the middle ages are not only unacceptable without scholasticism, but they are signified by it as a significant world. Scholastic theology laid a deep blow on the entire culture of the zahodny middle class. View of a middle-aged Gothic church with theological and philosophical creations. The Gothic temple is an analogue of the “Sumy theologia” (this is how the theologians were called): it is the great string, the proportionality of the elements and the omnipotence. A council of lesser fullness, a lower theological treatise, hanging on the supremacy of the manifestation of its hour. All Christian vchennya inadvertently roared before the eye of the believer. It was transmitted through the outer and inner architecture, through the organization of the space, which directs the soul of a person uphill, through the impersonal details, which play a solemn role, through the sculptural image. Gothic temple - scholastic theology in stone. This analogy cannot fail to testify to the significance of the role of scholastic theology in the Middle Ages.

Scholasticism (vіd Greek“scholi” - calmly busy, navchannya) - middle-aged education. Vaughn is closely connected with the composition of the VIII-IX Art. lighting system in the lands. Vodnocha tse i new stage at the development of the spiritual culture of Europe, who came to change the patristic. Vіn basing on the patristic literature, being at the same time its own specific cultural illumination.

It is accepted that the periodization of scholasticism will come. The first stage - from VI to IX Art. - Front. Another stage - from IX to XII Art. - Period of intensive molding. The third stage - XIII Art. - "the gold of the century of scholasticism." The fourth stage - XIV-XV Art. - The end of scholasticism.

The leather from the stages can be related to the peculiarities of the thinkers, which most vividly express their particularities. The first period is clearly represented by I.S. Yeriugena (room approx. 877 rubles); the other - Anselm Kenter-beriysky (room 1109) and Pier Abelard (room 1142); third - Homa Akvinsky (1225-1274) and Bonaventure (1221-1274); quarter - St. Ockham (bl. 1285-1349).

Scholastic veneration, in practice, was a series of steps, raising students to the highest. At the monastic and church schools they taught “these free mysteries”. The rest were divided into “trivium” (from the number “three”) and “kvadrivium” (from the number “chotiri”). Learn to master the trivium, tobto. grammar (Latin), dialectics, rhetoric. Quadrivium, like a great step, including arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. Primary pledges, yakі secured a greater high level of training, were universities.

The first universities were named after the XII century. in Paris and Bologna. In the XIII-XV centuries. Europe is covered with a whole mesh of universities. The need for them was passed on to us in front of the needs of that head of the church.

Most of the universities directly spiraled on the support of the church authorities. The head meta of university science relied on the vvchenni and the clouding of the Holy Letter and the Sacred Transmission (to be created by the Holy Fathers of the Church). The clouding of the sacred texts was the vinyatkovoy prerogative of the church and the univer- sity scholars associated with it, in order to transcend the unilluminated judgments about the Christian faith. Up to tlumachennya were allowed no lower than the master's degree. Apparently, before the main task, most universities included two faculties - the faculty of free sciences and the faculty of theology (theology). The first step is a necessary preparatory step to another.

The faculty of theology of the mav on the method of exactly cultivating the Bible with a path and a systematic interpretation of the Christian doctrine. Under the bag of tsієї robots were called "Sumi theologia". The masters of theology were those who had previously studied at the faculty of free sciences. The terms of education were hostile: at the faculty of free sciences - six years, at the faculty of theology - no less than eight years. In such a rank, in order to become a master of theology, I had to spend at least fourteen years on the apprenticeship. Vіm, vchennya could not but be hoarsely, the shards took an active part in discussions and disputes. Lectures were followed by seminars, students worked on self-sufficiency in taking away knowledge. Highly valued was the logical discipline of the mind, the critical thought, the acute penetration.

Universities in such a rank celebrated a sprat of mutual leaders. Nasampered, the stinks were preparing cadres for well trained and trained ideological defenders of Christianity. The stinks were working on theological and philosophical production - treatises of various confessions, with a twisted and logical text of the Christian doctrine. Great literature was created in a span of a century (there are 50 volumes to create one Bonaventure, and not all of them have been seen). The collection of doctrines (a kind of "doctrinal body"), created during the period of the Middle Ages, and it is customary to name scholasticism among the sensi.

Crimia of direct results of the activities of the university, the development of universities called for a number of effects, which can be called side effects. However, the stench is small great value for the middle and offensive European culture. First, the universities have taken the glaring out of the social proteges, but they had access to people of all statuses and classes. Before that, the students from the working families could pay for the material support for the entire period of training. Some of them have reached great heights, both in high society and in the social position. In another way, the students and professors of the universities built a corporation of people who were responsible for their adventures near their collection of special camps. Walking at the warehouse of the corporate corporation ceased to play that vital role, as it played with the middle-class household. Knowledge and intelligence came to the fore. For this middle class, there is a new rose of gentry - the gentry is not for blood and wealth, but for reason. Such nobility appeared due to the subtlety of the mind and behavior, the subtlety of the psyche and the refinement of relish. Zreshtoy, university education, that knowledge did not in any way bring on opposition and rebellion. Navpaki, middle-aged student and professor - the very same, who has the most zatsіkavleniya in the stability of the basic order and yogo incremental moral perfection. Universitetsky camp is not in vіdshchepleny vіd suspіlstva, but bv one of the yogo fundamental pillars. The knowledge of that culture, formed by the middle universities, played its role in the later history.