Modernism in literature is the main drawing. Techniques of modernism in Russian literature. Understanding avant-gardism Avant-gardist currents in light literature

All spheres of life are penetrated by competition, democracy, and public thought.

At the artistic culture of the New hour, shaped modernism as a way to follow the traditional methods of artistic expression of the world.

For modernism (in translation from French - modern, new) specific: developing from the laws of artistic creativity, traditions, realistic art, affirming the uninterrupted renewal of artistic forms, turbot about the purity of the movie, panuvannya of innovative schemes.

Modernism of preparations for two processes for the development of culture:

a ) decadence - inflow, rejection of real life, recognition of the cult of beauty as a single value, violation of social problems.

b) avant-garde- Rozriv zі spadshchina past, svorennya shchos new, scho superchit traditional artistic installations.

Mustache leaks modernism- cubism, expressionism, surrealism, abstractionism, futurism, cubism and others have either been thrown away, or the whole system has been rearranged to the point of unknowing artistic contributions that priyomiv. Tse expressed:

In the change of open spaces and in the light of the generally accepted patterns in the arts;

At the review of the melodic, rhythmic, harmonic organization of music;

At the appearance of a stream of information, an internal monologue among literature.

Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Losky, Heidegger, Z. Freud poured into the practice of modernism.

Directly at the culture of the XX century, revealing to yourself abstractionism- This is the creative method of abstract (non-objective, non-figurative) art, tying with a visual image of the forms of real activity. Abstractionism developed along two main lines: from the beginning to the harmonization of the formless day of color that creation of geometric abstractions. The first straight line maumatic artistic connection with expressionalism, shards of mau on a meti povnistyu svіlnit color in the form of objective reality. Abstractionism of this type can emphasize respect for the independent variety of color, and its richness in color.

Abstractionism developing along the path of creating new variants of the artistic space, along the path of cultivating all kinds of geometric shapes, color planes, straight and laman lines. In Holland, the group "Style" (since 1917) hung the concept of neoplasticism, as opposed to the simplicity, clarity and functionality of the geometric forms of the swaville of nature. Painting abstractionism virobiv tsіkavi priyomi that method, like this year vikoristovuyutsya artists іnshih directives in design, decorating art.

Tsya currents in the arts, decolour zvilneniya in their function and serve as nothing more than ashes to show the mathematical sterility of the current world. Head to the bottom of reality, come to the soul and experience the people. Kandinsky, as a representative of abstractionism, vikoristovuvav symbolism of color and line to show the movement, the similarity of those other phenomena of life, for example, black is a symbol of death, white is a symbol of people, red is a symbol of masculinity, . . Domagavsya, schob pryadach having marked the colors and rhythms of the day. Vіn pragnuv not to write naked pictures, like vin it seems, but to turn the thought into chaos, music, harmony of the flames, separation, smears.

imaginism- Literary association, which viniklo in Radyansk Russia in the XX years, before which the poets A.B. Mariengof, V.G. Shershenevich, S.A. Yesenin, R. Ivnev, A.B. Kusikov, I. Georgians. Artists G. Yakulov and B. Erdman joined the poets. The magistrates opposed themselves to other literary associations at that time: acmeists, symbolists, futurists. The stench deafened themselves with right zealots of art and poetic language based on development imagery exposing that expression to change the action. In aesthetic statements, the mazhinists solidified their self-worth in the image of such a person. They declared that "the only law of science and the invisible method is the manifestation of life through the image and the rhythm of images."

For the creativity of majinists, there is a characteristic overriding interest in formalistic experimentation with a word, different forms of image-creation, as if they were connected with primary grammatical forms, with a metrical verse, constructing effective metaphors, rіvnyan, etc. Radianskoy vlady led to the fact that in 1924 the association broke up, and in 1927 it formally announced its foundation.

cubism- one of the first directions in imaginative creativity, which was inspired by the image of a real, sensitive world. The date of the birth of cubism is 1907 - 1908. The place of nationality is France, among the works of J. Braque and P. Picasso.

The main theme of the paintings of cubism, having become the light of speeches, the basis of such a stench blew special features, hobbies of the senses. Poshuk tsgogo sensu zdіysnyuvavsya shlyah of crushing the subject into pieces, yakі seemed like unsuccessful pieces of different geometrical figures (kul, chotirikutnikіv, cones, pіvkola, cylinders). The subject of the image was seen at once from a rich point of dawn, among which the most important letters are not only old look object, and the inner knowledge of the new. His own bouldering of the color. The cubists gave priority to the change of colors and were influenced by the laws of perspective and light.

At their own creation, cubists also introduced real objects - newspapers, gudziks, tram tickets, posters, flowers, and others.

futurism- avant-garde direct in European culture of 10 - 20 years of the XX century, crying out socially - economic and political cataclysms to the beginning of life. Deviating from the nihilistic positions of the so-called traditional culture, the theorists of futurism slandered the new canon of "the mysticism of the future." The formation of an aesthetic ideal by the futurists was achieved through the strengthening of urban trends in European culture. The futurists quarreled with the aesthetic principles of traditional art and denounced the "bourgeois" hromada thought. In literature - intertwining of documentary material and science fiction, in poetry - experiments with semantics and phonetics of words, which often ended in the collapse of their semantic meaning; in painting - the overworld is overwhelmed with retinas, ruins, bagatora-like repetitions of the motive.

expressionism- artistic direct from the art of Nymechchini, which was formed in the first quarter of the XX century. The beginning of the new was directly started by the activity of the artists in the Dresden group "Mist" (1905). E. Kirchner, E. Heckel, O. Müller and others have gone before her. In the aesthetic treatises of the expressive writers, it was about the transformation of the world by the power of the human spirit, and they tried to find a sleep for everyone in the sphere of the spiritual and the supple life. Expressionist painting creating real proportions. The world was accepted by the Expressionists in two ways: as a torment, which is alive to itself, and as a building until renovation, a transformation of itself. Through the war, painting created proportions, represented light in a contrasting image. The color used is the basis of the organization of space. The basis of the artistic space for expressiveness has become the color, as well as the animalism to the pointless almost human.

Expressionism as an artist directly awakened until the middle of the 20s of the twentieth century. The head of yogo rice - contrasting with the light of the world - has seriously infiltrated the artistic culture of the rich countries of Europe in America. Expressionism represents creativity as a strained, subjective, emotional work under the hour of the artist's indescribable mood.

Surrealism– non-traditional, subjective art, inspired by the principles of painting, music, and literature. Bring your own mind to the mind and reveal, move to the sublime, secret banter, do not give in to control, exercise the invisible. Surrealism is translated as supra-realism, as a way of recognizing one's own hypothetical, supra-natural. His founder and ideologist Andre Breton wrote that surrealism is all psychic automatism, it is metaphorically, in a different way to express the real functioning of a thought, that is. dictation of thought posture for any control from the side of the mind. The dawn of surrealism was overtaken by the current of Dadaism, which took shape in Zurich in the middle of the emigrants at the beginning of the 20th century. Dada - is transferred like a childish belkit. Surrealism recounts the old culture of flooring, that literature has turned into a chaos of verbal smite, art - napkhane, priroblen to the canvas (washcloths, beaten sklo, photographs, newspapers are thin). The music turned into a banal noise, organizations from dances, tin cans.

impressionism- the French word is hostility, directly from the image-creating art of France of the 70s of the XIX century. Artists - Impresionisti jumped to show navkolishniy svit let's fight like a bi mittevo to save all the bezposerednist of the first enemy. The impressionists have enriched the contemporary art, breaking the laws of plein-air painting, tobto. painting on a fresh surface, if the light-coloured middle of the medium infuses the color of the skin object, the result is all in a collapsible coloristic unity.

Impressionism originated in the 1860s in French painting: Ege. Manet, O. Renoir, Ege. Degas. The stench brought freshness to the art, bezperednіst priynyatta life, unsightly look, foreshortening, seeing figures. At 1880 p. Impressionism was carried by French artists: C. Monet, C. Pizarro, A. Sisley. Russian artists K. Korovin, I. Grabar. Sculptors and impressionists O. Rodin - French, M. Rousseau - Italian, P. Trubetskoy - Russian. Musicants - French - K. Debussy, M. Ravel, P. Duke.

4. New hour: change, trends, postmodernism.

The New Hour is characterized by a crisis of the ideas of Enlightenment, by which the philosophy of the Enlighteners and the art of classicism are brought to mind.

The rozcharuvannya in the revolutions of rich burried її khilniks was brought to rozcharuvannya in the cult of Rozuma, characteristic of the Age of Enlightenment. Classicism was criticized for aristocracy, dogmatism, lifelessness, which became a galm in the development of art.

The most characteristic bula leak romanticism. Vіn representations of Balzac's novels. "Shundi", P. Merimee "Chronicles of the hours of the reign of Charles IX", works by V. Hugo.

In England, the representatives of the romantic art are Shelly, Byron. In Nіmechchini, romantic elements were revealed in the work of I. W. Goethe, F. Schiller, the stench stupefied the unity of thought that almost seemed like a dream to light.

Music has the romanticism of representations by R. Wagner, F. Chopin, F. Schubert, R. Schumann.

Until the middle of the 19th century, romanticism, not vitrified by the problems of real life, gave way. realism.

Realism is the task of a truthful, deep, objective expression of action. I do not include analysis, insight into the essence of phenomena, dobir, assessment of subdivision.

Realism criticizes the negative side of capitalism, lack of spirituality, the leveling of human specialty. An alternative to short-lived realism can be found in the future.

Realism is known in the characters of Ch. Dickens, O. Balzac, L.M., Tolstoy, W. Thackeray, F. Dostoyevsky, I. Repina, A. Chekhov, P. Tchaikovsky, the role of Stanislavsky theatre.

To replace modernism, realism, the avant-garde, postmodernism has come.

Postmodernism- like a light-gazer, residually formed at the rocky - the 80s of the twentieth century, are characterized by a transition to a new round in the development of culture, which is characterized by the development of cordons, frames between forms of cultural activity. Postmodernism is characterized by eclecticism and mosaicity of forms, exercising invariably, mixing artistic directions and styles.

In the era of postmodernism, eclectic integration is not seen in science, but in science, philosophy, religion. Postmodernism is characterized by a superficial and simple expression of the world.

Postmodernism po'yazany z razuminnyam obmezhennosti social progress, sounding the expanse of that hour of culture. Vstanovlyuє vtruchannya people in the process of development of nature, culture, culture. To the power of the desire for a universal artistic movement, the closeness of that growth of various artistic directions, styles, and editing. Суть постмодернізму полягає у визнанні плюралізму та різноманітності форм активності, життя, різних творчих засад, іронії, змішанні жанрів, орієнтація на «масу» та еліту одночасно, звернення до забутих художніх традицій, розширене розуміння аж до його ототожнення з позахудожніми сферами діяльності, наприклад, politics. In postmodernism, the identity of the artist changes, you cease to be a creator, compiling and displaying obov'yazkovo on display to peeping eyes.

It is characteristic of postmodernism to lead to the offensive:

1. Orientation of postmodernism to mass and the elite of society;

2. Іstotny impact of art on the artistic sphere of human activities (politics, religion, informatics);

3. Widely quoting from his creations of the creations of the art of the past eras.

4. Irony over the artistic tradition of past cultures.

5. In creativity, there is a reorientation towards compilation and citation.

6. An artist ceases to be a creator, artistic creativity vіn go to the artistic design.

If we talk about Russian literature of the late 19th to early 20th centuries, then in the first quarter we are talking about three currents that were the most beautiful: about symbolism, acmeism and futurism. Let go of those who stink before modernism. The modernist currents were blamed as if they were opposed to traditional art, the ideologists of these currents slandered the classic recession, opposed their own realism and voiced the jokes of new ways of depicting action. Have tsikh poshukakh kozhen іz strakіv yshov iїshov i slyakhom.

symbolism

The symbolism respected with its method the mysticism of the intuitive understanding of the unity of light through the symbols. The very name of the flow resembles the Greek Symbolon, which is translated as a smart sign. Spiritual life can be comprehended by a rational way, or mysticism can leave its sphere. To this symbolism the creative process was conceived as a pidsvіdome, intuitively penetrating the taєmnі sense, which gave strength to the artist-creator. You can convey this meaning directly, only with an additional symbol;

The theoretical basis of Russian symbolism is considered to be the article by D. Merezhkovsky "On the causes of the fall and about the new currents of modern Russian literature."
Two stages are seen in Russian symbolism: the creativity of older and younger symbolists.

Symbolism has enriched Russian literature without personal artistic opinions. Poetically, the word took on a richer sense of meaning, became overly richly meaningful. The “young symbols” were reconsidered, that through the “prophetic word” you can change the world, that the “demiurge” sings, the creator of the world. This utopia could not cope; in the 1910s, a crisis of symbolism came, the collapse of the system.

Acmeism

Such a straight line to modernism in literature, like acmeism, a vinic in opposition to symbolism and voiced the clarity of looking at the world, which is valuable in itself. The stinks declared the turn to the first word, and not the symbolic yogo zmist. The people of akmeism are inspired by the activity of the literary association "The Workshop of Poets", the ceramists of which were N. Gumilyov and S. Gorodetsky. BUT theoretical basis tsієї techії became the article of N. Gumilyov “Spadshchina symbolism and acmeism”. The name of the flow resembles the Greek word acme - the greatest step, rise, top. To the thought of the theoreticians of acmeism, main task poezії - poetic comprehension of the variegated and bright earthly world. Її prikhilniks were supplemented by singing principles:

• give the word accuracy and significance;
• learn about the mystical meanings and increase the clarity of the word;
• clarity of images and exact details of objects;
• a roll call to bygone epochs. Many people respect the poetry of acmeists - the rebirth of the "golden century" of Baratinsky and Pushkin.

The greatest poets of this category were N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam.

futurism

In the translation of the Latin futurum means future. The appearance of Russian futurism was taken into account in 1910, if it was entrusted to the first futuristic collection "Garden Suddiv". Its creators were D. Burliuk, V. Khlebnikov and V. Kamensky. The Futurists dreamed of the appearance of the supermystery, as if to change the world beforehand. This avant-garde trend was revolted by the categorical denials of the past and present-day art, by the daring experiments in the form, and by the outrageous behavior of yoga representatives.

Futurism, like other trends in modernism, was heterogeneous and included sprats of grouping, as they waged fierce polemics among themselves.

• Cubo-futurists (aka "Hilea") also called themselves "budetlyani" - the biggest influx of groupings. The stench of the creators of the scandalous manifesto "Likhta suspenseful relish", as well as the zavdyaki of their high word-creation, the theory of "reasonable language" was created - absurd. These included D. Burliuk, V. Khlebnikov, V. Mayakovsky, A. Kruchenikh.
• Its futurist to enter up to the "Ego" group. They voted the people with his hisist, the fraction of God. Look at him mystically, through the yaks they couldn’t start like a group, and the flow quickly ended its foundation. The most famous representatives of his futurists are: I. Northerner, I. Ignat'ev, U. Gn'dov and others.
• "Mezzanine of poetry" - a meeting organized by a group of his futurists on the basis of V. Shershnevich. For their short period (close to fate), the authors released three almanacs: “The Crematorium of Reason”, “The Benket for the Hour of the Plague”, and “Vernisage”, and the sack of poems. Krim V. Shershnevich before the association included R. Ivnev, S. Tretyakov, L. Zak and in.
• "Centrifuge" - a literary group, yak settled on the cob of 1914 rock. Її organizer buv S. Bobrov. The first thing I saw was the “Rukonog” collection. The active participants of the group from the first days of the її іsnuvannya were B. Pasternak, M. Asєєv, I. Zdanevich. Later, the deacons of his futurism came to them (Olimpov, Kryuchkov, Shirokov), as well as Tretyakov, Ivnev and Bolshakov, participants in the "Mezzanine of poetry", who had fallen apart at that time.

Modernism in Russian literature has given the world a galaxy of great poets: A. Blok, N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatov, O. Mandelstam, V. Mayakovsky, B. Pasternak.

Modernism is an idea directly in literature and art from the 19th to the 20th century, for some characteristic uniqueness of classical standards, the search for new, radical literary forms and the creation of an absolutely new style of writing. Tsey directly came to the change of realism and becoming the champion of postmodernism, the final stage of its development is dated by the 30s of the XX century.

The main feature of this is directly changing the classical sprinyattya picture of the world: the authors are no longer carrying absolute truth and ready-made concepts, but instead demonstrating their excellence. Linear rozpovidi znikaє, changing chaotic, urivuscham, fragmented into parts and episodes of the plot, which is often given in the name of a number of characters, as if mothers can look at the same way.

Directly to modernism in literature

Modernism, at its core, has been shaped into spears straight, such as:

symbolism

(Somov Kostyantin Andriyovich "Two ladies in the park")

Vinik in France in the 70s-80s of the 19th century and reached the peak of its development on the cob of the twentieth century, it was the most wide in France. Belgium and Russia. Authors-symbols instilled the main ideas of creations, vicarious richness and rich associative aesthetics of symbols and images, most of all they stink of mystery, mystery and incomprehension. These are directly represented by: Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, Lautreamont (France), Maurice Maeterlinck, Emil Verharn (Belgium), Valery Bryusov, Alexander Blok, Fedir Sologub, Maximilian Voloshin, Andriy Bily, Kostyantin Balmont (Russia). .

Acmeism

(Oleksandr Bogomazov "Boroshn vendors")

Vinik, as an okremy to modernism at the beginning of the 20th century in Russia, the author-acmeist in opposing the symbolists attacked the clear materiality and objectivity of the descriptions of themes and images, stood for exact and clear words, stood for reading and singing images. Central posts of Russian acmeism: Ganna Akhmatova, Mikola Gumilyov, Sergiy Gorodetsky...

futurism

(Fortunato Depero "I am that my team")

Avant-garde straight forward, which was the culprit of the 10-20th years of the twentieth century, having taken off the development on the territory of Russia and Italy. Head Feature authors-futurologists: the interest is not so much up to the achievement of creativity, but rather to the form of creativity. For whom, new word forms were seen, they were embodied in vulgar, common folk vocabulary, professional jargon, my documents, posters and posters. The founder of futurism is the Italian poet Filippo Marinetti, who wrote the poem "Chervony tsukor", his associates Ball, Boccioni, Carr, Severin and others. Russian Futurists: Volodymyr Mayakovsky, Velimir Khlebnikov, Boris Pasternak...

imaginism

(Georgy Bogdanovich Yakulov - sketch of the scenery for J. Offenbach's operetta "Beautiful Deer")

Vinik, as a literary man, directly Russian poetry in 1918, was founded by Anatoly Marienhof, Vadim Shershenevich and Sergiy Yesenin. The method of creativity of the mazhinists was the creation of images, and the metaphor and metaphorical lances were voiced by the main way of expression, for the help of which direct figurative images were provided.

expressionism

(Erikh Heckel "Street scene beating the bridge")

Breaking modernism, which took away the rise of Germany and Austria in the first decade of the twentieth century, like a sickly reaction light war). Denmark directly jumped not so to reflect reality, how to convey the emotional state of the author; The style of expressionism was practiced by: Alfred Deblin, Gottfried Benn, Ivan Goll, Albert Erenstein (Nimechchina), Franz Kafka, Paul Adler (Czech Republic), T. Michinsky (Poland), L.Andreev (Russia).

Surrealism

(Salvador Dali "Storage of memory")

Vinik is right in the literature and science of the 20s of the XX century. Surrealist creations inspire the stagnation of alusions (stylistic articles, which give a stretch or an introduction to specific historical and mythological cult podії) and paradoxical demise of different forms. The founder of surrealism is the French writer and sings Andre Breton, who directly knows the writer - Paul Eluard and Louis Aragon.

Modernism in Russian literature of the XX century

The rest of the decade of the 19th century was marked by the emergence of new directions in Russian literature, which led to a rethinking of the old ways of expressing and reviving poetic art. Tsey period (1982-1922 rr.) uveyshov to the history of literature under the name "Siberian Age" of Russian poetry. Writers and poets united in various modernist groups directly, as they played a great role in mystetsky culture at that time.

(Kandinsky Vasil Vasilovich "Winter Landscape")

Russian symbolism on a stick in the 19th and 20th centuries, the founders of which were poets Dmitro Merezhkovsky, Fedyr Sologub, Kostyantin Balmont, Valery Bryusov, later they were joined by Oleksandr Blok, Andriy Bily, V'yacheslav Ivanov. They publish the artistic and publicistic organ of symbolism - the magazine "Terezi (1904-1909 pp.), pіdtremuyut іdealistіchnu philosophy Volodymyr Solovyov about the Third commandment and the advent of Eternal zhіnochnostі. Create symbolic poets with folding, mystical images and associations, mystery and incompetence, abstractness and irrationality.

Acmeism came to replace symbolism, which appeared in Russian literature in 1910, the founders directly: Mykola Gumilyov, Ganna Akhmatova, Sergiy Gorodetsky, and O. Mandelstam, M. Zenkevich, M. Kuzmіshyn also went to the group of poets . Acmesti, on the basis of symbolism, voted for the cult of real earthly life, a clear and evocative view of reality, the affirmation of the aesthetic and hedonistic function of art, without touching social problems. The poetic collection "Hyperborea", published in 1912, announced the emergence of a new literary directive under the name acmeism (like "acme" - the most important step, it's time to open it). Acmeisti tried to create concrete and substantive images, explored the mystical confusion, the powerful movement of the symbolists.

(Volodymyr Mayakovsky "Roulette")

Futurism in Russian literature vinik overnight with acmeism in 1910-1912, as well as other literature directly in modernism wines and new internal protirich. One of the most important futuristic groupings under the name of Cubo-Futurists included such prominent poets of the Silver Age as V. Khlebnikov, V. Mayakovsky, I. Severyanin, A. Kruchenikh, V. Kam'yansky et al. poetic word that vіdmova vіd old literary traditions. Experiments were carried out in the sphere of the word, new forms were created and old literary rules were violated. The first collection of poets-futurists "Likhta of the Gromadskogo Smak" declared the main concepts of futurism and established him as the only truthful evangelist of his era.

(Kazimir Malevich "Lady on the rails of a tram")

At the beginning of the 20s of the 20th century, on the basis of futurism, a new modernist direction is being formed - imaginism. Yoga was founded by S. Yesenin, A. Mariengof, V. Shershenevich, R. Іvnev. In 1919, the bands spent the first evening of imaginists and made a declaration, in which the main principles of imagism were voted: the supremacy of the image of “like such”, a poetic viraz for the help , so i z kіntsya. Creators razbіzhnostі mіzh іzhіnіstami brought to the bottom directly on the left and right krilo, after the exit from the lava of Sergius Yesenin in 1924 the group gradually broke up.

Modernism in foreign literature of the XX century.

(Gino Severinі "Still life")

Модернізм як літературний напрямок поваляється наприкінці 19 початку 19 століття напередодні Першої світової війни, його розквіт припадає на 20-30 роки 20 століття, розвивається він практично одночасно в країнах Європи та Америки і є міжнародним явищем, що складається з різних літературних течій, таких як імажизм , dadaism, expressionism, surrealism too.

Vinik modernizm in France, yogo yaskravnye representatives, scho lied to the ruins of symbolism, were the poets Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, Charles Baudelaire. Symbolism has become popular in other parts of Europe, in England it is represented by Oscar Wilde, in Germany - by Stefan George, in Belgium - by Emil Verharn and Maurice Metterlinck, in Norway - by Henrik Ibsen.

(Umberto Boccioni "Enter the street to the booth")

G. Trakl and F. Kafka in Belgium, the French school - A. France, the German - I. Becher. The colonials of such a modernist hid in the liTereturi Yak Imazhism, Scho, with the core of the 20th table in the Anglomovy єvropye regions, Buli Anglіyskі, Jumu Tu Tu Pound, before the American Poetes, Molodiy Gertheli, Gerberta Gerberta Gerberta.

The most important modernist writers of the early twentieth century are the Irish prose writer James Joyce, who created the immortal novel in the style of "flowing light" "Ulysses" (1922), the French author of the seven-volume epic novel "At the Jokes of a Wasted Hour" Marcel Proust, and the German Franz Kafmetsky , who wrote the story "Reconstruction" (1912), which became a classic of the absurdity of the current world literature.

Modernism in Characteristics of Zakhodnoi Literature of the 20th Century

Irrespective of those who modernism is divided into a great number of flows, their wild rice and the search for new forms, that is the appointed place of people in the world. Literature of modernism, which vinified on the stick of two epochs and between two luminous wars, in support, languishing and exposing old ideas, is inspired by cosmopolitanism and looks like authors, involved in the urban medium of fasting, growing up.

(Alfredo Gauro Ambrozi "Airportrait of the Duce")

The writers of that poetry, as if they practiced this directly, gradually experimented with new words, forms, techniques and techniques, in order to create new, fresher sounds, wanting to get rid of them, like before, old ones. Sound the whole topic about the self-reliance of a person in the majestic and stringent world, about the versatility of the rhythms of one's life with the superfluous reality.

Modernism is its own literary revolution, the writers of that poetry took part in it, as they voiced about their own list of realistic verisimilitude and all cultural and literary traditions in a haze. We had to live and create in a difficult hour, if the values ​​of traditional humanistic culture are outdated, if the understanding of freedom different lands there is little ambiguous significance, if the blood and zhakhi of the First light of the night signified human life, and put the most light in front of the people with all their zhorstokost and coldness. Early modernism symbolized the hour when the faith of reason was destroyed, the hour has come for the triumph of irrationality, mysticism and the absurdity of all reason.

The excitement of life and the artistic realistic way and the creation caused interest in new philosophical theories and the emergence of new artistic directions, as they took away the names of the decades of the Dental, avant-garde and modern. In French, the word "decadence" means zanepad, "avant-garde" - advanced defense, and "modern" - modern, new. These terms began to signify some new phenomena in the literary process, which stood at the forefront, avant-garde positions and were connected with the fall of that crisis of a huge thought of that culture, with the jokes of positive ideals, the beasts of these jokes before. God and faith, to mystical and irrational mystical and irrational.

. Modernism- a common name directly for the literature and literature of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, which portrayed the crisis of bourgeois culture and characterized it by the traditions of realism and the aesthetics of the past. Modernism blame ik v. France for example XIX century. (Baudelaire, Verlaine, Arembaud) and expanding into. Europe,. Russia, Ukraine. The modernists were respected, that the creation of the art did not require a bit of logic, rational thought. That is why the art of modernism had an importantly irrational character.

Protesting against the outdated ideas and forms, the modernists explored new ways and contributed to the artistic development of activity, knew new artistic forms, and rejected the fundamental renewal of literature. У цьому плані модернізм став справжньою художньою революцією і міг пишатися такими епохальними відкриттями в літературі, як внутрішній монолог і зображення людської психіки у формі "потоку свідомості", відкриттям далеких асоціацій, теорії багатоголосства, універсалізації конкретного художнього прийому і перетворення його на загальний естетичний принцип, Enrichment of artistic creativity through the vision Grab your feet for the sake of life's manifestations, for the sake of the unreal and the unknown.

Modernism is social rebelliousness, and not just a revolution in the gallery of artistic form, so calling out against the cruelty of social action and the absurdity of the world, against the ignorance of the people, the situation of the right of a free individuality. Modernism protested against rough materialism, against spiritual regeneration and evil, stupid self-satisfied system. Prote, protesting against realism, modernism has found its reach, and also vicorist, developing it in its searches for new ways in science.

. Zagalni risi modernizmu:

o special respect for the inner world of specialness;

o the voice of the self-worth of a person and mysticism;

o transcendence of creative intuition;

o rozuminnya literature as a greater knowledge, better penetrate into the most intimate depths of the basis of specialness and spiritualize the world;

o search for new inventions in the arts (metamov, symbolism, myth-making toshcho);

o pragnennya vіdkriti novі ideї, yakі remake the world for the laws of beauty and art. Such extreme, radical modernist trends, like Dadaism and Futurism were taken away

name avant-garde(vіd fr avant - forward, garde - watchman, advanced zagіn) - right at the artistic culture of the 20th century, which polagav at the vіdmovі vіd іsnuyuchih i traditsіy, revovirovnі novіh sobіv sobіv samotіl, vіd brennі crizovіvі, khvoroblivyshchih vyshchih zhittі і in a twisted form, avant-gardism is dominated by rebellion.

Avant-garde straight lines and flows (futurism, dadaism, surrealism, "new novel", "drama of the absurd", "flow of light" etc.) enriched that ugly literary process, depriving light literature of chimal masterpieces of artistic creativity. The stench pomitedly spilled on the writers, as if they did not act on the artistic principles and realism: they blamed the intricate interweaving of realism, symbolism, neo-romanticism and the "stream of light". The realities won over ideas in their creations. ZFroyd, who conducted formalistic quizzes in the field of artistic form, widely stoked "the flow of the bridge", an internal monologue, ate in one work of different temporal plastor and different years of life.

Modernism, as an artistic one, is directly an internally heterogeneous conglomerate of artistic manifestations, which were grounded on the blatant light-seeing, philosophical and artistic principles, for example, the 19th century. impressionism, symbolism and aestheticism. At the beginning of the 20th century, expressionism, futurism, cubism reached them, and at the hour and after the first light war - dadaism, surrealism, the school of the “stream of light”, and literature, to that extent, anti-novel, "theater of the absurd"

. impressionism(as fr "hostility") in the cob in the other half of the 19th century, and rozkvit in the 20th century. Vіn vinik as a reaction to the salon of art and naturalism in painting (C. Monet,. E. Manet. O. Renoir,. E. Degas), the stars expanded to other art (O. Rodin in sculpture,. M. Ravel,. K. Debussy, I. Stravinsky in music) and literature. Here the founders of impressionism became brothers. Gonkuri in. Paul. Verlaine. Show different impressionism to creativity. Guy de. Maupassant in. Marseille. Proust, Knut lay before the Impressionists. Hamsun. Hugo background. Hofmannsthal,. Y. Tuvefon. Hofmannsthal,. Yu. Tuvim.

The protesting of the oppression of the reservoir of real Zhitta, the opposite of the DIISOSTI, the Impressi, described their enemy vid - Zorovi Tu Chuttvi, Yaki Buli Minlivimi, as well as the same, the tuns, ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї їh active. Tvіr іmpresіonіsta - tse not an objective picture of the world, but a system of collapsible subjective hostility about him, is clearly zabarvlen by the creativity of the artist's individuality. Particularly indifferent impressions to the sensitive beauty of the world, the stench miraculously created nature, its beauty, diversity and timidity of life, unity of nature with the human soul.

The largest middle decadent currents of the XIX century - the beginning of the XX century, becoming symbolism. The symbol of victorism is like a reflection of the unmistakable essence of life's manifestations and the secret ways of inducing mystical special manifestations, creative insights, and irrational feelings of the artist. The symbols were respected by the found insights of ideas. The image-symbols reflected the mystery and irrational reality of the human soul and life, the great progress of the non-returnable share, depicted the afterlife, the metaphysical world of "inobuttya", pulled on the mystical reality of the manifestations of life.

For the symbolists of poetry, like music, it was the most famous form of recognition of mystery - with a joke and vodkrittyam "inobuttya". Symbolism was given great value internal sound, melody and rhythm of words, melodiousness and melody of the mov, emotional awakening, as if the reader was hurt by the rhythm of that melody verse, grisly associations. The symbolism of French poetry began. Paul. Verlaine. Stephen. Mallarmé. Arthur. Rimbaud "Conquered" France, the symbolism of Shvidko. Expand everything for everyone. Europe. In different countries, symbolism was represented. Gabriel d'Annuncio (Italy) Reiner. Mary. Rilke v. Hugo background. Hofmannsthal (Austria). Stephen. George (Nimechchina), Oscar. Wilde (England). Emil. Verhaarn v. Moris. Maeterlinck (Belgium). General director. Ibsen (Norway). Stanislav. Przybyszewski (Poland). Przybyszewski (Poland).

. aestheticism viniclo in the rest of the decade of the 19th century. England. Vіn gave rise to the cult of tinted beauty. The creators of aestheticism believed that the realism of sayings about the latest collapse, that social problems do not succumb to the right art, and they hung out "art for art", "beauty for the sake of beauty itself" as a prominent representative of English aestheticism. Oscar. Wiltetism bv. Oscar. Wild.

. expressionism(Vіd fr "viraznіst, viraz") foundations tezh in the XIX century. This avant-garde trend knew its own sound and voice in the first quarter of the 20th century and became a significant contribution to the development of light literature. The expressiveness was closely related to the reality – the very one who formulated it deeply praised it. They condemned the virtuous manifestations of life, the zhorstocity of the world, protested against the war and the bloodshed, promoted love of people, affirmed positive and idealistic ideals.

But the expressionist’s vision of the world was its own: the world was a chaotic system, which was observed by the unfortunate forces, unreasonable. Unknown, cryptic, and there was no salvation for them. The only reference is the inner world of a person and an artist, you can feel that thought. The same wine can be rebuvat at the center of the respect of the writer. And in response to the creation, it was strikingly, clearly, with grandiose images of mindfulness with disturbed proportions, supernaturally strained, with the most clear intonations, so that they can be depicted for additional expressive images, from the paradoxical grotesque and extraordinary for a fantastic perspective. Johannes. Becher, having respected the characteristic poetic order of expressionism "tension, ecstasy in the mouth" Expressionism has been blamed on painting (EMunk, VVan. Gog, PGgen. PSezanne and others.) and music (Richard. Strauss), and about nevdovzі go to literature. To lie down to the greatest expressiveness. DTrakl v. FCafka v. Austria; I. Becher v. A. France v. Nіmechchini. L. Andriev v. Russian Mechanism;. L. Andreev u. Russia.

. Imagism(Vid fr "image") - flow, the reason for the emergence of Russian imaginism. Out came in. England ahead of the first light war and woke up until the middle of the 20s. In Russia, first of all, the mazhinists declared according to the sob of 1919. The image of the mazhists and the imagistry voted for the self-kill of creativity "Virsh is not an organism, but a bunch of images; V. Shershenevich. Later, the representatives of the current tsієї were respected by the "catalogue of the image", the vishukan gossip of metaphors, metonyms, epithets, and other tropes - like a heap of farb, vіdtinkіv, images, rhythms and melodies. The image of mazhinisti was directed to another plane: the wine "shows itself in a way" Zrozumilo, imaginism did not take a moment, yakbi incited and wanted to, znekhtuvati and zmistom. Creativity. S. Yesenina is the best confirmation of this thought. Representatives of Imaginism Art. England that. USA. TS. Eliot,. R. Aldington,. E. Pound,. E. Lowell ta v. USA e. T.S. Eliot,. R. Aldington,. E.. Pound,. E.. Lowell et al.

3 Understanding avant-gardism Avant-gardist currents in light literature

. futurism(Vid lat "maybutnє") Vinic 1909, c. Іtalії, yogo the ancestor of Buv. F. Marinetti. Sound expanding all over. Europe, otrimavshi the name of cubism in. France (MJacob, BSandrard), yoga futurism and cubofuturism c. Russia (ІSiveryanin, brothers smartly, Vkhlebnikov, Vmakhnovsky and іn.) Khnovsky and іn.), avant-garde in. Polish (Yu. Pshibos ta in.) Ukrainian futurism, buds. M. Semenko, who has taken away the name "Panfuturism"

The futurists voted that the stench had created the mysticism of the future, as if it were in tune with the rhythms of the new era of "unsafe-machine-automobile" culture, and they called out to abandon the traditions of the old culture, as the stench was called out of respect "spittoon". , a propeller, "mechanical" paints, slandered on the necessity of creating a new person according to his hour of technology, people of a new mindset. The stinks have broken the traditions of realistic literature, language, and poetic technique. Introducing their language, new words and words, the futurists reached the point of absurdity: for an hour they guessed the words without any zmistu words without any zmistu.

Французькі кубісти і російські кубофутуристи були тісно пов'язані з малярами-кубістами, які намагалися епатувати, вразити обивателів різкістю фарб і незвичайністю змісту: вони розкладали зображуване н на найпростіші геометричні елементи - куби (звідси і назва), квадрати, прямокутники, лінії, лінії , cola, etc. Having voiced the cult of forms, the cubes pushed the light into the background, brought Yogo to forms. The writers of the spaniels called the inhabitant not only "my own, as if no one else had felt it," but in the form of melodiousness in the sound of a cacophony, dissonances, accumulations of good-sounding goodies that are important for them.

. Surrealism vіd fr "sur" - over, tobto. suprarealism), which is the fault of u. France in the 1920s. Yogo was the chief theoretician and was a French writer. Andre. Breton, who, having called out "to know the truth of the matter against iriccha mizh mrієyu ta realnіstyu" Vіn stating that in a single sphere, de people can manifest themselves more clearly, "Leaves", that is on the equal footing ot;, then on the equal footing of the bridge.

School "flow of information"- tse zasіb image of the psyche of a person without a middle, "in the middle", like a collapsible flow process, buried in the inner world. For such creations, it was more characteristic of victorious spogadiv, internal mono, no bidi, associations, lyrical entries and others artistic receptions. Representatives: Djoyce. MPrust,. Wulf th. V.Vulf and in.

At "drama absurd" reality was portrayed through the prism of pessimism. Bezvihіd, postyne before the collapse, vіdosoblenіst vіd real svіtu characteristic rice create. The behavior, the language of the characters is illogical, the plot is ruined. T. Creators -. SBeckett. Eionesco.

. Food for self-control

1. Like literature on the border XIX-XX is the century closely tied to us by the vicissitudes of its time?

2. Name the most characteristic officials of literary development in the first half of the XX century.

3. Give feedback charitable characteristic modernist literature

4. What flows and straight lines can be seen as avant-garde?

Modernism (Fr. Novy, modern) in literature- tse straight, aesthetic concept. Modernism is connected with afflictions and instillations like supra-naturalness, over-reality. The turning point of modernism is the chaotic world, its absurdity. Baiduzhіst and more than the setting of the zovnіshny svіtu to the people lead to the knowledge of other spiritual values, lead the person on the basis.

The modernists violated all traditions with classical literature, attempting to create a new modern literature, putting all the value of an individual artistic school in the world; created by them artistic worlds are unique. The most popular topic for modernists is the evidence and the unknown ways of their interaction. The hero of creative work is typical. The modernists turned back to the inner world of an average statistical person: they described the most subtle, the most famous experiences, which the literature had not described before. They twisted the hero navivorіt and showed everything to obscenity special. The main technique for the creativity of modernists is the “flow of light”, which allows you to photograph the movement of thoughts, hostility, feelings.

Modernism is composed of different schools: imagism, dadaism, expressionism, constructivism, surrealism and others.

Representatives of modernism in literature: V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov, Y. Guro, B. Livshits, A. Kruchenikh, early L. Andreev, S. Sokolov, V. Lavrenov, R. IVnev.

Postmodernism has manifested itself in the beginning in a zahodnomu art, a vine as a counterpoint to modernism, let's take a look at a common sense. characteristic feature Russian literary postmodernism is non-seriously put to its past, to history, folklore, classical literature. Other hostility to traditional extremes. The main principles of postmodernists: paradoxes, words, vikoristannya profanity. The main meta of postmodern texts is to expand, to expand. The data of creating something of this kind do not carry deep ideas, based on word creation, that is. text to text. Russian postmodern creativity is the process of moving games, the widest of all quotations from classical literature. Quote can be motive, plot, myth.

The most wide-ranging genres of postmodernism: students, notes, links of short fragments, sheets, comments that are seen by the heroes of novels.

Representatives of postmodernism: Vision. Yerofєєv, A. Bitov, Y. Popov, M. Kharitonov, V. Pelevin.

Russian postmodernism is heterogeneous. Vіn representations of two currents: conceptualismmіsots-art.

Conceptualism directing to the development, critical understanding of any ideological theories, ideas and ideas. Among modern Russian literature, the best representatives of conceptualism are the poets Lev Rubinshtein, Dmitro Prigov, Vsevolod Nekrasov.

Sots-art in Russian literature can be understood as a variant of conceptualism, like pop-art. All create Sots Art inspired on the basis of social realism: ideas, symbols, thoughts, ideology of culture of the Radian era.

Representatives of Sots Art: Z. Garєev, A. Sergeev, A. Platonova, V. Sorokin, A. Sergeev

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