MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY named after M.V. LOMONOSOV

FACULTY OF JOURNALISM

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Moscow, 2007

Entry

on the milestones XIX And the XX century in the Russian literature blames the naytsіkavіshe phenomenon, then called the “poetry of the silver age”. This is the hour of new ideas and new directives. Even though the 19th century, after all, the world passed under the sign of a stepping-stone to realism, then a new surge of poetic creativity at the turn of the century has already taken a different path. This period was from the beginning of modern times to the renewal of the region, the renewal of literature and various modernist currents, like a legacy that appeared at the same time. The stinks were even more discriminating, both for the form and for the zmist: symbolism, acmeism, futurism, imaginism.

Because of such different directions and currents, Russian poetry has new names, a wealth of which happened to be left behind forever. The great poets of those epochs, beginning in the depths of the modernist current, grew swiftly from it, striking with talent and rich creativity. So it happened with Blok, Yesenin, Mayakovsky, Gumilyov, Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva, Voloshin and others.

Mentally on the cob of “Siberian Doby” it was accepted to honor 1892, if the ideologist and the oldest participant in the movement of the symbolists Dmitro Merezhkovsky read the supplement “About the causes of the snowfall and about the new currents of modern Russian literature.” So the symbolists have declared about themselves.

The beginning of the 1900s began to develop symbolism, but until the 1910s, a crisis of literary directing began. The test of the symbolists of vigolosity of the literary movement and of denigrating the artist's vision of the epoch has recognized bad luck. The food about the vision of the mysticism has been broken down to the point of activity, about the significance of that place of the mysticism in the development of the Russian national history and culture.

Mav z'yavitisya kakiy novy directly, іnakshe nаkshe nаkshe nаbіdnаnja poezії i і dіysnostі. The very same and becoming acmeism.

Acmeism as literary straight

Appearance of acmeism

In 1911, a group of poets began to create new ones directly from literature, vinicating the “Poets' Workshop”, on which Mykola Gumilyov and Sergiy Gorodetsky are standing. The members of the “Workshop” were mostly poets-pochatkіvtsі: A. Akhmatova, N. Burliuk, Vas. Gippius, M. Zenkevich, Georgy Ivanov, Y. Kuzmina-Karavaeva, M. Lozinsky, O. Mandelstam, Vl. Narbut, P. Radimov. At a different hour before the "Workshop of Poets" that Akmeism was close. Kuzmina-Karavaeva, N. Nedobrovo, V. Komarovsky, V. Rizdvyany, S. Neldikhen. The most prominent of the "younger" acmeists were Georgy Ivanov and Georgy Adamovich. Most of the time, the almanac "The Workshop of Poets" was published (1921 - 1923, the first one I called "Dragon", the rest of the sights already in Berlin were part of the "Workshop of Poets", which I emigrated).

About the creation of literary directing under the name "acmeism" it was officially announced on February 11, 1912 at the meeting of the "Academy of Versha", and in No. flows in modern Russian poetry”, as manifested by manifestos new schools.

Philosophical basis of aesthetics

N. Gumilyov wrote in his famous article “The Spadshchina of Symbolism and Acmeism” N. Gumilyov wrote: “To change symbolism, there is a new one, no matter how it was called, chi acmeism (after the word acmh (“acme”), but adamism (male firmness and a clear look at life), in every case, which means greater equal strength and greater exact knowledge of the subject between the subject and the object, lower in symbolism.

The choice of the name directly established the practice of the acmeists themselves to touch the pinnacle of literary mastery. Symbolism is already closely tied to acmeism, which the ideologists constantly and loudly voice, in their ideas they look like symbolism.

In the article "Spadshchina symbolism and acmeism" Gumilyov, knowing that "symbolism was a good father," stating that he had "finished his development and is now falling." Having analyzed how the marriage, and French and German symbolism, and having grown the visnovok: “We are not fit to sacrifice the yoma (symbol) as a sacrifice in other ways, and shukkaєmo їkh completely uzgodzhennosti”, . And one of the principles of the new directly is to always follow the line of the greatest support.

Rozmirkovuchi about the vision of the world of that human witness, Gumilyov vimagav “keep the memory of the unknown”, but if you don’t, “do not express your thoughts about the new greater or lesser similitudes.” Negatively placed to straightness of the symbolism of knowing the taєmny sens buttya (when he lost the taєmnim and for akmeїzmu), Gumilyov declaring the “unwisdom” of knowing the “unknown”, “to the child wise, painfully licorice of the power of ignorance”, the self-esteem of “wise”. Later, the acme in the sphere of theory was deprived of the soil of philosophical idealism. The program of the acmeist acceptance of the world was also expressed in the article by Sergiy Gorodetsky “Deacid leaks in modern Russian poetry”: “If there were any “unacceptable”, the world is irrevocably accepted by acmeism, in all the totality there is beauty and dissimilarity.”

Vibach, Charivna Vologa

First fog!

The seer wind has more good

For the creations of the life of the country.

Expanse of light and rich sound,

I rich merry wine,

І axis Adamovі vіn assignments,

Vinakhidnik of names.

Name, recognize, twist

I empty mysteries and old houses.

Axis first feat. New feat

Praise the living earth to sleep.

Genre-composition and stylistic features

The main respect of the Akmeistites was focused on poetry. Obviously, they also had prose, but the same verses folded it straight. As a rule, the cebules are small for the sake of creating, sometimes in the genre of the sonnet, elegy.

The most important criterion was respect to the word, to the beauty of the verse, what to sound. There was a sort of a general orientation towards other, lower symbols, traditional Russian and light art. Speaking tse, V.M. Zhirmunsky near 1916 writing: “Respect for artistic life, and now it’s not so important for the melodiousness of lyrical rows, their musical vivacity, like a pictorial, graphic clarity of images; поезія натяків і настроїв замінюється мистецтвом точно виміряних і зважених слів... є можливість зближення молодої поезії вже не з музичною лірикою романтиків, а з чітким і свідомим мистецтвом французького класицизму і з французьким XVIII століттям, що емоційно бідним, завжди розумово володіє, але графічним rich in diversity and vishukanistyu zorovyh vrazhen, line, farb and forms.

It’s easy to talk about global themes and stylistic peculiarities, because in a skin-sighted poet, who, as a rule, early, verse can be brought to acmeism, have their own characteristic rice.

In the poetry of N. Gumilyov, acmeism is realized in the potyaz until the discovery of new worlds, exotic images and plots. The path of the poet in the lyric of Gumilyov - the path of the warrior, conquistador, pershovidkrivach. The Muse that inspires the poet is the Muse of the Distant Mandriva. The renewal of poetic figurativeness, the rise to the “appearance of such a thing” was developed by Gumilyov’s work, looking more expensive to unknown, but a whole lot of real lands. On the road near the peaks of N. Gumilyov, they carried hostility from the specific expeditions of the poet to Africa and, at one time, they chirped with symbolic mandrіvkas at the “other worlds”. Zahmarnym world symbolists Gumilyov opposing persovidkrit їm for the Russian poetry of the continent.

The second character of A. Akhmatova's maw acmeism, relief from tension to exotic plots and line imagery. The originality of Akhmatova's creative manner, like a poet of acmeistic directness, becomes a stimulus for spiritualized objectivity. Through the hostile accuracy of Akhmatov's speech world, he brings out the wholeness of the soul. Akhmatov’s finely crafted details, for Mandelstam’s respect, gave “all the great folding and psychological richness of the Russian novel of the 19th century

O. Mandelstam's tutesh's world was marked for those who are dying of death before the faceless eternity. Mandelstam's acmeism - "the peace is quiet, who is in the spirit against the empty nebuttya." The hem of the empty is untouched in culture, in the eternal works of art: the arrow of the gothic dvіnitsі dorikaє sky tim, that it is empty. Among the acmeisters of Mandelstam, it was seen with an over-the-top poignantly poignantly reminiscent of historicism. Rich is inscribed in yoga poetry in a cultural context, among light, zigrity “with a mysterious teleological warmth”: a person felt not with special objects, but with “stuffing”, all guessing objects filled with biblical subtext. At one time, Mandelstam was overwhelmed by the evil of sacred vocabulary, the “inflation of sacred words” among the symbolists.

In view of the acmeism of Gumilyov, Akhmatova and Mandelstam, the adamism of S. Gorodetsky, M. Zenkevich, V. Narbut was swayed, like a naturalistic wing. The recognition of the adamists with the triad of Gumilov - Akhmatova - Mandelstam was repeatedly mentioned by critics. In 1913, Narbut's roci, having proponuvat Zenkevich to fall asleep an independent group, or go "from Gumilyov" to cubo-futurists. The most Adamic light was revealed in the work of S. Gorodetsky. Roman Gorodetsky Adam describing the life of the hero and the heroine - "two intelligent animals" - near the earthly paradise. Gorodetsky reminisced in the poetry of the pagan, reminiscent of the light of our ancestors: richly yogo virshіv small the form of a spell, voice, which avenged bursts of emotional figurativeness, drawn from a distant past scene. Naїvny adamіzm Gorodetsky, yogo try to turn a human being into a shawl in the embrace of nature, could not help calling out irony from the enlightened modernists, as if they had kindly twisted the soul of a co-worker. Block at the front until the sing of the fee, which was extinguished by Gorodetsky and the adamists “was a person, but as already another person, we are without people, like a primordial Adam.”

”, the central positions of which were the founders of acmeism N. S. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova (as a former secretary and active participant) and S. M. Gorodetsky.

Participants gave the term that іnshi tlumachennya: Volodymyr Piast bachiv yoga turns in the pseudonym of Anna Akhmatova, in Latin, which sounds like “akmatus”, the deyaks pointed out in yoga the sound with the Greek “akme” - “wistry”.

The term "acmeism" was propagated in N. Gumilyov and S. M. Gorodetsky: to change your mind, to change symbolism, which is going through a crisis, go straight ahead, which will increase the knowledge of the pioneers and lead the poet to new heights of creative achievement.

The name for the literary trend, according to A. Bely, was taken in the heat of controversy and was not fully primed: V'yacheslav Ivanov, Mikola Gumilyov spoke about "acmeism" and "adamism" in jartom .

At the heart of acmeism was the paradox to the description of real, earthly life, proteo yogo was taken socially and historically. Descriptions of everyday life, subject matter were described. Talented and ambitious organizer of the acmeism of dreams about the creation of "directly directly" - literary movement, which inspires the current state of modern Russian poetry.

Acmeism in the work of writers

Literature

• Kozak St. Lexicon of Russian literature of the XX century = Lexikon der russischen Literatur ab 1917. - M.: RIK "Culture", 1996. - 492 p. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-8334-0019-8
• Kikhney L. G. Acmeism: The worldly understanding of that poetics. - M: Planeta, 2005. Ed. 2nd. 184 p. ISBN 5-88547-097-X.

Posilannya

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Marvel at such "Akmeїzm" in other dictionaries:

- (From the Greek. Rozkvit, peak, wind) literary current, which represented the new aesthetic. trends in the science of soil. 1910s, which engulfed not only literature, but also painting (K. Korovin, F. Malyavin, B. Kustodiev), and music (A. Lyadov ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies

Acmeism, pl. nі, m. [in Greek. akme - peak] (lit.). One of the direct lines in Russian poetry in the tenth anniversary of the 20th century, which stood in opposition to symbolism. Great vocabulary foreign words. Vidavnitstvo "IDDK", 2007. Acmeism, pl. nі, m. (… Dictionary of foreign words of Russian language

acmeism- a, m. acmé f. gr. tops. In the edge of the reactionary bourgeois noble protyazh in Russian literature, which in 1912-1913. The poetry of acmeistists was characterized by individualism, naturalism, formalism, and the preaching of the art of art. SIS… … Historical Dictionary of Russian Galicisms

- (In the form of a Greek akme the great foot of a chogos, a flurry of strength), flows in Russian poetry of the 1910s. (S.M. Gorodetsky, M.A. Kuzmin, early N.S. Gumilov, A.A. Akhmatova, O.E. Mandelstam). Podolayu addicted symbolism to the suprareal, ... Modern Encyclopedia

- (From the Greek. Akme the highest step of the chogos kvitycha force), flows in the Russian poetry of the 1910s. (S. M. Gorodetsky, M. A. Kuzmin, early N. S. Gumilov, A. A. Akhmatova, O. E. Mandelstam); having voted the sound of poetry in the symbolic spirits before ... Great Encyclopedic Dictionary

AKMEIZM, akmeism, pl. no, man. (From the Greek. Akme peak) (Lit.). One of the direct lines in Russian poetry in the tenth anniversary of the 20th century, which stood in opposition to symbolism. Tlumachny dictionary of Ushakov. D.M. Ushakiv. 1935 1940 ... Tlumachny dictionary of Ushakov

AKMEISM, a man. In Russian literature of the 20th century: Techniques that voted for symbolism. | dod. Akmeistsky, oh, oh. Tlumachny dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Tlumachny dictionary of Ozhegov

Acmeism- (In the form of a Greek akme the great foot of a chogos, a flurry of strength), flows in Russian poetry of the 1910s. (S.M. Gorodetsky, M.A. Kuzmin, early N.S. Gumilov, A.A. Akhmatova, O.E. Mandelstam). Podolayuy predilection symmetrists to the "superreal", ... illustrations encyclopedic vocabulary

- (From the Greek. Akme - the highest step of the chogos, the power of strength), flows in the Russian poetry of the 1910s. Acmeism vinik from the literary school "Workshop of poets" (1911-14), yak was stunned by N. S. Gumilyov and S. M. Gorodetsky, the secretary of the bula A. A. Akhmatova, in ... Literary encyclopedia

acmeism- a, only one, m. Modernist current in Russian poetry on the cob of the XX century. (Div. also modernism). If acmeism was born and closer to Mikhail Leonidovich [Lozinsky] we didn’t have anyone, we still didn’t want to conceive of symbolism (Akhmatov). Sporidnenі … Popular dictionary of Russian

Books

• History of Russian literature of the silver age (1890s on the ear of the 1920s) in 3 parts. Part 3. Acmeism, futurism and others. Assistant for undergraduate and graduate students, Mikhailova M.V.

Acmeism in literature is a flow that vinified on the very cob of the 20th century and nabula of great expansion among the poets, as if they created their masterpieces in this period of time. It is important to win over the Russian literature, as well as becoming its own move in the wake of the ancient symbolism. Denmark is directly characterized by clarity, borderline clarity and earthliness, but at the same time there is no time for other problems.

A small description of the style

The acmeism of the literature is constantly awakening to sensitivity, to the analysis of human feelings that experience. Sing, as if they wrote their own practice in this style, were specific, did not sing metaphor and hyperbole. As if vvazhayut modern writers, similar characteristics appeared as if they were in opposition earlier, having used symbolism, who, in his line, was famous for the obscurity of images, the new emphasis on specificity and accuracy. At one time, the acmeists gave meaning to the most basic human needs, which they described spiritual light. It was a foreign political and social theme, aggressiveness too. The very same verses are so easy to accept, and it’s even easier to write about folded speeches.

What is acmeism based on

Russian literature did not have such a philosophy, as it would signify at that time, acmeism. A similar point of support was formed only in the process of developing the style, if the first top representatives began to appear in the world, from which it was possible to signify the whole essence of what was written. In this rank, acmeism in literature is distinguished by a realistic look, like at a wild picture of life, and to solve “unearthly” problems, connected with feelings and emotional experiences. The key role to be created, in the opinion of the authors, is not enough to say a word. With the help of itself, with the utmost accuracy, all thoughts and ideas can be expressed, as they were described.

Nathnennya, yak scooped up the songs tsієї doby

Most often, symbolism, which is the champion of acmeism, is equal to music. Vіn is so mysterious, rich in meaning, it can be interpreted in simple ways. The very zavdyaki such artistic tricks whose style became the concept of contemporary art. Acmeism, like a flow in literature, has become a great significance for its successor to its successor. Poet-representatives of which directly commensurate their creativity more with architecture and sculpture, and also with music. These lines are namingly beautiful, but at the same time accurate, foldable, and borderline wise for any audience. The skin word is passed on to the very same zmist, like a scatter in the new pledges, without any efforts to change the numbers. It is so easy for the Akmeist verses to be read as a riddle to all schoolchildren, and it is so easy to understand the essence of it.

Representatives of acmeism in Russian literature

I honor all the representatives of this boulder not just to gather, but to instill friendship. They practiced the stench in one harness, and on the cob of their creative way they loudly declared themselves, having fallen asleep in Leningrad with the titles of the “Poets' Workshop”. The stench is not small sing literary platform, standards, with which it was necessary to write verses, and other typical details. You can say that you know the skin of the poets, that you can buti yogo tver, and that you know how to give the skin a word in such a way that it would be borderline understandable for others. Among such geniuses, in clarity, famous names can be named: Ganna Akhmatova, її man Mikola Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam, Volodymyr Narbut, Mikhailo Kuzmin and others. The authors of the dermal author consider one type of one and for their structure, for their character, and for their mood. However, we will understand the skin, and we will not blame the people for their food after reading it.

Glory to the acmeist in the period of their foundation

If there was an acmeism in literature, the first article about it was read by people in the journal Hyperborea, which was published by the editors of poets known to us. Before the speech, through a series of acmeists, they were also called Hyperboreans, as they fought for the novelty and beauty of the art of art. Then let us see a number of articles written by a practically skin participant in the "Workshop of Poets", in which the essence of this serpent was revealed and richly different. Ale, not caring about the work of work and inspiring the friendship of all poets, they became the founders of a new trend in art, acmeism in Russian literature became extinct. Until 1922, the Poets' Workshop, having already pinned its foundation, tried yoga inspiration, appeared to be marnimi. As the critics of that time respected, the reason for the failure was those who did not stray from the theory of acmeistism with practical ideas, and still did not get away from symbolism.

It is often trapped by pershoprokhіdniki so that the replacement of the planned opening of the short road to India does not seem to be the New World, and the deputy of Eldorado is the empire of the Inkivs. It was similarly trapilos and on the cob of the XX century with acmeists. Directly akmeїzm vinik to oppose its supporters, but, as if it were more pronounced, it didn’t last longer and became its own crown of symbolism. However, it is important to remember that the difference between two poetic groups was richly glibshoy, lower it was given on the cob of the past century. Speaking about those who are such an acmeism, varto razpovіst not only about the peculiarities of the literary creativity of his representatives, but also about their life way.

Viniknennya Ruhu

The history of the revolution began in 1911, when in St. Petersburg the first time they chose to sing under the ceramics of Gorodetsky and Mikoli Gumilyov. Practicing the importance of the craft and learning from poetic creativity, the organizers called the new school "Poets' Workshop". Later, in support of what is such an acmeism, one can tell that, in a whole literary way, two Petersburg poets became the founders of this, and the least significant heroes of the literary scene came to them later.

The first akmeisti manifested their principle of primacy in the form of symbolists, stverdzhuyuchi, scho prag, on the primordial, to the maximum reality, reliability and plasticity of images, just as the symbolism tried to move away from the "overreal" sphere.

Poetry Club Member

The official opinion of the poetic club was in 1912 at the meeting of the so-called Academy of Versha. Through the river in the almanac "Apollo" two articles were entrusted, which became fundamental for the new literary trend. One article, written by Mykola Gumilyov, was called "Spadshchina symbolism and acmeism." Gorodetsky wrote the second, and it was called "Deyakі techії u suchasnіy rosіyskiy poezії".

In his program articles, dedicated to acmeism, Gumilyov points to the exercise of his comrades-in-arms to reach the heights of literary mastery. At one's own hand, mastery of the bula was reached only for washing the work of a grouped group. The very representatives of acmeism were arrogant among such a group of prac- tices and organizational groupings.

According to Andriy the Bily, the name itself appeared in the heat of the super-girl of friends. That glorious evening V'yacheslav Ivanov started talking about adamism and acmeism, Prote Gumil'ova was honored with these terms, and from that hour he began to call himself and his comrades acmeist. The term "adamism" was less popular, shards of association with brutality and brutality, with a kind of acmeism, did not bring anything to sleep.

Basic principles of acmeism

As a reminder of the food about those who are such acmeism, we should name the main drawings that teased some of the other artistic currents of the Siberian century. These are seen as:

• romanticization of the first person's feelings;
• Rozmov about earthly primeval beauty;
• clarity and clarity of images;
• rozuminnya mystetstva as a tool for the improvement of human nature;
• spit out the imperfection of life with artistic images.

All the voices were reflexed by the participants of the informal sing-along and reshaped into specific versions, such as Mykola Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam, Mikhailo Zinkevich, Georgy Ivanov, Elizaveta Kuzmina-Karavaeva Ganna and navіt.

Mykola Gumilyov in acmeism

If you want to richly influence the successors, that acmeism is one of the largest churning flows of the cob of the twentieth century, then, on the contrary, it is hard, that you speak more about the friendliness of different and talented poets in their own way. However, there is one thing that remains unrepeatable: most of the competitions took place at Vyacheslav Ivanov's "Vezha", and the literary magazine "Hyperborea" saw a stretch of five years - from 1913 to 1918. In literature, acmeism occupies a special place, being water-reinforcing both symbolism and futurism.

You will be able to look at all the internal diversity of the flow with your hands on the butt of such key figures, like Akhmatova and Gumilyov, like they were friends from 1910 to 1918. Number two poets weighed up to two fundamentally different types of poetic expression.

Mykola Gumilyov, from the very beginning of his creativity, has formed the path of a warrior, a pershovidkrivach, a conquistador and an inquisitor, who was not only in his creative work, but also in the path of life.

In their texts, the victors have vividly portrayed distant lands and foreshadowed worlds, idealizing richly in the insane world and beyond the borders, and paying the wrong price. 1921 Gumilyov's fate was shot for ringing in espionage.

Anna Akhmatova and acmeism

Directly played a significant role in the life of Russian literature to inspire by the fact that the "Poets' Workshop" attached its foundation. Most of the members of the poetic community lived important lives. However, Ganna Andriivna Akhmatova lived a better life, as she became a true star of Russian poetry.

Akhmatova herself was able to take in a lot of people, as if they had taken away, like her own power, and even on her share of a terrible age, having seen her shadow. Prote not respecting all the hardships of life, Hanna Andriivna, by stretching the strength of her creativity, kept faithfulness to acmeist principles: dbailive setting to the word, slowness of hours, povaga to culture and history. One of the main culprits influencing acmeism was those who, in Akhmatova’s specialty, were always angry with the suspicious and historical.

It turns out that everyday life itself did not deprive the space for mysticism and romantic thoughts about lyricism. Akhmatov’s bula stood in the halls with a stretch of bagatioh rokіv, to hand over the parcels to the tomb of her son, she suffered from the loss of that nevlashtovannosti. In such a manner, schodennіst zmushuvala great poetess dorimuvatisya to the principle of clarity of speech and honesty vyslovlyuvannya.

Osip Mandelstam highly valued the creativity of Akhmatova, who commended the richness and imagery of її literary movie with the richness of the Russian classic novel. Hanna Andriivna also reached international recognition, but Nobel Prize, I was nominated for a girl, so I was not awarded.

The lyrical acmeism of Akhmatova sharply contrasted with the temperament of another poet of the 1st century - Osip Mandelstam.

Mandelstam at the number of acmeists

Especially among the young poets standing Osip Mandelshtam, who cheered up in the presence of his fellow tribesmen, was especially sensitive to the historical moment, for which he paid, having perished in far-off camps.

The downfall of the great poet has gone down to our days only to the true heroic susillas of the heroic warrior Nadiya Yakivna Mandelstam, as she saved her man’s manuscripts for a decade after his death.

Varto signify that such a behavior could destroy Nadiya Yakivnі freedom, and even cause serious punishment for saving the manuscript of the enemy of the people, and the yogo squad did not save, but copied, and also expanded the verses of Mandelstam.

Poetics of Mandelstam is regarded as a subject, which is a kind of inscription in the context of European culture. Yogo lyrical hero is still alive in the important hour of Stalin's repressions, and in the world of Greek heroes, mandriving seas. Possibly, the inspiration for the poet's creativity was laid by the education at the Faculty of History and Philology of the University.

Rozmov about those who are such an acmeism for Russian culture, one cannot do without a riddle about the tragic share of the head representatives. As it has already been said, Osip Mandelstam sent messages from the administration to the GULAG, a deznik of obscurity, and for a long time the yogo team spring places without a stable dwelling. The first man and the son of Akhmatova tezh spent long years of recognition, which became an important topic in the texts of poetry.